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27 The New Deal
The American Nation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| USA | A trilogy written by John Dos Passos, trying to capture the mood of the Great Depression. An utterly realistic novel by a disillusioned liberal, it expressed an anticapitalist and pessimistic point of view. Dos Passos later became a conservative. |
| court-packing scheme | Conserned the conservative Supreme Court might declare all his New Deal programs unconstitutional, President Roosevelt asked Congress to allow him to appoint more justices who're more sympathetic to R's program to court. Congress + Public rejected plan. |
| George W. Norris | Nebraska Senator and public-power enthusiast who helped block plans to turn over government-built hydroelectric power plants at Muscle Shoals, Alabama to private capitalists. He sponsored the 1933 Tennessee Valley Authority Act. |
| TVA yardstick | The Tennessee Valley Authority, among other things, was designed to provide a standard of measurement, whereby the efficiency and thus rates of private power companies could be tested for fairness. |
| Henry A. Wallace | Franklin Roosevelt's secretary of agriculture in the 1930s and was elected vice president in 1940. He unsuccessfully ran for president on the Progressive party ticket in 1948. |
| dark horse | a presidential candidate who is unexpectedly nominated by a political party, as James K. Polk, Democrat in 1844, and Wendell Willkie, Republican in 1940. |
| parity | The Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933) was designed to give subsidies to farmers in order to lift agricultural prices to equality with industrial prices based on the 1909 to 1914 ratio of the two. |
| Gerald P. Nye | North Dakota Republican Senator headed a 1934 Senate investigation in banking & munitions industries, concluding that conspired drag US into WWI for own profit, labeled munitions manu merchants of death, committee's report fed isolationist mood mid1930s. |
| Hundred Days | Term used to designate period between F. Roosevelt's inauguration as president (mar 4, 1933) and adjournment of Congress Jun,16,'33. During the period, Congress passed immense body of legislation requested by Roosevelt to try stimulate depressed economy. |
| conservative coalition | By 1938, many conservative Democrats alienated by New Deal deficit spending and predominantly southerners, joined with Republicans to form an anti-New Deal alliance in Congress. THe group succeeded in blocking additional New Deal legislation. |
| John Maynard Keynes | A British economist who influenced New Deal advisors to P. Roosevelt, argued that world depression can be conquered if governments adopt deficit spending-reducing interest rates & taxes and increasing expenditures to stimulate consumption and investment. |
| bank holiday | The day after becoming president in 1933, FDR called for 4-day period during which gold would not be exported nor would any banks operate while they were investigated by federal examiners to determine their solvency. Most banks open again within a month. |
| CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) | During the Hundred Days, Congress created the CCC to provide government jobs in reforestation and other conservation projects to young 18-25 men. It eventually employed over 300,000 people. |
| WPA (Works Progress Administration) | Congress created WPA in 1935 and eventually spent $11 billion on federal works projects and provided employment for 8.5 million persons, built roads, bridges, schools etc. Act also funded projects for artists, writers and young people. |
| economic royalists | Term used in1936 presidential campaign by P. Roosevelt that referred to businessmen after abandoned effort to court business community because of uncooperative with his New Deal. Meant to gain political support from dislike of greedy businessmen in 1930s. |
| Land-Lease Act | Plan devised by P. Roosevelt in 1941 to assist Britain with its defense, helping America's. To fund plan, R. asked Congress for $7 bil. and power to sell, lend, lease, transfer war material to any country whose defense declared vital to that of the US. |
| Reuben James | This destroyer was sunk by the Germans in October 1941. As a result, Congress voted to allow the arming of American merchant ships and to permit them to carry cargoes to Allied ports. |
| Hugo L. Black | An Alabama Senator appointed to the Supreme Court by President Roosevelt. He became a civil liberties and civil rights advocate on the bench. |
| Francis Townsend | California physician/author of old-age revolving pension plan, which called for a monthly income for unemployed elderly on condition it is spent within 30 days to stimulate the economy. New Dealers rejected this plan in favor of Social Security Act. |
| SEC (Securities and Exchange Commision) | The 1934 SEC required all stock exchanges to be licensed by SEC; later, comodity exchanges and investment trusts included. Designed to regulate issue of new securities, stockbrokers conduct and stock-market speculation. |
| dust bowl | In the 1930s, the combination of long droughts and unscientific farming methods on the Great Plains created frequent dust storms that blew away valuable topsoil. Thousands of indebted farmers left this bleak area to seek opportunities in the West. |
| FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) | The FDIC was created by Congress in 1933, to guarantee bank deposits up to $5000 (later raised). It was designed to protect individual savings accounts from loss due to bank closings. |
| America First Committee | An isolationist organization in the 1930s led by aviation hero Charles Lindbergh that opposed any US intervention in world affairs that might lead the US into war. |
| Winston S. Churchill | The British Prime Minister in World War II who became politically and personally close to President Roosevelt. |
| fireside chats | During the depression years of the 1930s, President Roosevelt used the radio to communicate with the American people. These broadcasts had a reassuring and steadying effect on the public and boosted confidence. |
| old-age revolving pensions | In response to the pitiful state of thousands of elderly persons during the Great Depression, Dr. Francis Townsend proposed this plan would make gov. payments of $200/month to anyone unemployed and +60 with stipulation they spend it in 30 days. |
| Guffey-Synder Act | A law which established minimum wages in the coal industry; it was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. |
| Wagner Act | Officially the National Labor Relations Act, sometimes Labor's Magna Carta, 1935 act gave workers right to organize, bargain collectively. It created the NNRL Board to supervise union elections and stop unfair labor practices by employers. |
| Social Security Act | Passed by Congress in 1935, this legislation established a system of old-age, unemployment & survivors insurance funded by wage & payroll taxes. Did not include health insurance and did not originally cover many groups and individuals- poor + minorities. |
| destroyer-for-bases deal | In 1940, President Roosevelt arranged to trade 50 old American naval vessels in Britain in exchange for 6 Caribbean naval installations. It was a shrewd deal that helped save Britain's fleet and bolster US defenses in the Atlantic. |
| Huey P. Long Jr | Louisiana Senator who was a left-wing critic of the NEw Deal, contending it did too little to help the poor. He advocated a "Share Our Wealth" program to transfer wealth from the rich to the poor. He was assassinated in 1935. |
| Alfred Landon | Gov. of Kansas who was the Republican presidential nomineee in 1936. He and his party were defeated in a landslide vitory for Democrat Franklin R and the New Deal. His daughter Nancy Kassebaum Baker, was a senator from Kansas 1979-1997. |
| Wendell Willkie | Leader of the private-business community's opposition to the TVA. In 1940 he was Republican nominee to oppose FDR's bid for reelection to a third term. focused his unsuccessful campaign on president's increasingly interventionist foreign policy. |
| Sudentenland | This German-speaking section of Czechoslovakia ceded to Hitler 1938 at an international conference in Munich, Germany. Hitler declared region his last territorial request. Following year took remainder of Czechoslovakia. |
| "Four Freedoms" | Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom from want, freedom from fear, the stated ideals of President Roosevelt. |
| payroll tax | The Social Security Act (1935) set up an old-age and unemployment insurance system funded partly by a tax on workers' wages and partly by a tax on payrolls paid by employers. |
| Frances Perkins | Franklin Roosevelt's secretary of labor who was the first woman Cabinet member. A former social worker, she helped draft New Deal labor legislation. |
| Roosevelt revolution | Label identifies New Deal programs of FDR and transformation they effected on gov. His New Deal expanded power & responsibility of federal gov that widespread suffering of another Great Depression is not likely to be repeated. |
| boondoggle | A derisive term used by opponents of New Deal federal works projects administered by FERA, CWA, and WPA. They objected to "make work" projects that seemed to have no other purpose than to put people on the government payroll. |
| Munich Conference | A 1938 meeting which Britain & France yielded to Hitler's demands & persuaded Czechoslovakia to surrender Sudentenland to Germany. It was looked upon by some as an act of appeasement that merely encouraged further German aggression. |
| John Steinbeck | A California novelist who wrote The Grapes of Wrath which brilliantly portrayed the plight of millions impoverished by the Great Depression in the 1930s. |
| Share Our Wealth | Louisiana Sen. Huey Long criticized New Deal as half-hearted in effort to help poor. Proposed a program for confiscation of fortunes & heavy taxes on millionaires. Proposed money be used to provide poor with homesteads, annual incomes etc. |
| NLRB (National Labor Relations Board) | 1934 NLR Act (Wagner Act) created this agency to supervise union elections & designate winning unions as workers' official bargaining agents. The board could also issue cease-and-desist orders to employers who dealt unfairly with their workers. |
| John Collier | Named by President F. R. as commissioner of Indian affairs, he successfully urged Congress to pass Indian Reogranization Act of 1934 to replace 1887 Dawes Severalty Act. This restored tribal government. |
| sit-down strike | Form of labor protest when workers barricade themselves inside factories. Objective was to shut down factory by disallowing employers to continue production with strikebreakers. These were popular with industrial unions in 1930s, but not employers/public. |
| William Allen White | Kansas publisher of the Emporia Gazette who head the Committee to Defend American By Aiding the Allies; he also wrote a biography of President Coolidge. |
| John L. Lewis | President of United Mine Workers Union in 1930s who took full advantage of Section 7a of NIRA to expand his union's membership. He + others formed Committee for Industrial Organization in the AFL, which in 1938 became the seperate CIO with him president. |
| Greer | A German submarine fired upon this US naval destroyer Jul-1941. P. Roosevelt, ignoring that US vessel may have provoked attack ordered navy to "shoot on sight" any German craft in waters South & West of Iceland, & to convoy merchant vessels to Iceland. |
| Harry Hopkins | Close friend and personal advisor to P. Roosevelt placed in charge of the WPA in 1935. He had earlier administered the FERA and later would administer the Land-Lease Act, and was chairman of the World War II War Production Board. |
| quarantine speech | 1937, reply to Japanese invasion of China, P. Roos. condemned international aggression,requested that aggressors be detached from world affairs. American Isolationists denounced speech, public opinon didn't support action by US in cases not involving it. |
| Walter Millis | Historian who wrote The Road to War: American, 1914-1917 (1935). He argued that the US was dragged into World War I, a war he thought could have been avoided by British propaganda, Allied purchases of American arms, and P. Wilson's pro-British bias. |
| Charles Coughlin | A Catholic priest who contended on his popular radio show that inflating the currency would solve the Great Depression. He turned against the New Deal and verbally attacked bankers, New Dealers & Jews. |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | Wife of President FDR who was a force for civil rights and a spokeswoman for better treatment and equal employment opportunities for African Americans and women in the depression years of the 1930s. |
| CIO | New Deal's labor organization support fostered creation of CIO, organized workers in mass-production industries (steel and automobiles. Improved working conditions of unskilled factory workers, increase labor policial influence, + minorities involvment. |
| William Faulkner | Novelist who wrote several works depicting the multiple dilemmas of modern life. His major theme was of southerners imprisoned by their past and their surroundings, trying to escape. |
| AAA | Passed 1933 as part of New Deal, placed restrictions on farm production & paid government subsidies to growers of staple crops. Money for payments was raised by a processing tax on middlemen. object was to raise farm prices, but proved counterproductive. |
| interest group democracy | Historians use term to describe New Deal because it responded to special interest groups that were organized & could articulate their interests & lobby Congress. While responded to interest-group pressure, New Deal slighted unorganized majority consumers. |
| NRA (National Industrial Recovery Act) | Passed in 1933 as keystone of the early New Deal, the NIRA permitted manufacturers to establish industry wide codes of "fair business practices" - setting prices & production levels. Also provided minimum wages and maximum working hours for labor. |
| Fair Labor Standards Act | Passed by Congress in 1938, this legislation abolished child labor, and established a national minimum wage (40 cents an hour, later raised) and a forty-hour work week. |
| Francisco Franco | The fascist leader of Spanish rebels who, with fascist Italy and Nazi Germany help overthrew liberal Spanish Republic in 1936 Spanish Civil War. US war reaction:to broaden its neutrality acts to include civil wars, thus isolating itself from these events. |
| Schechter V. United States | In 1935, the Supreme Court ruled that the NIRA was unconstitutional. The court ruled that the NIRA gave too much legislative power to the executive branch and code authorities. Also known as the "sick chicken case". |
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