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MCAT Behavioral Sci1
Psychology , Sociology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biopsychosocial approach | psychological & social factors that contribute to illness &wellness can be integrated into the scientific process of medical diagnosis |
| Functionalism | factions of society work together to maintain STABILITY so society is a system composed of components working for a greater goal. It can't explain social changes & assumes stability is always the same |
| Conflict theory | view society in terms of COMPETING groups that act according to their own SELF-INTEREST rather than stability as whole. It explains changes over time but not when things are stable |
| social constructionism | "SOCIETY IS WHAT WE MAKE" indivs & groups make decisions to agree upon a "created" social reality |
| symbolic interactionism | indivs interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures & other symbols ex: inside joke -symbols can change over time |
| culture | beliefs, assumptions, objects, behaviors & process that make up a shared way of live even though each individual has differences |
| Material culture | physical object one associates w/given culture (art, tools, clothing etc) Ex: anthropological study |
| Symbolic culture | shared rituals, beliefs based on symbols like nodding head but in different culture symbols can have different meanings. |
| Nonmaterial culture | non-physical elements like shared ideas, knowledge, norms, assumptions form a culture Ex: historian study |
| culture shock . | discomfort when first encountering a new culture causing re-evaluation of personal assumptions |
| social institutions | "DICTATE WHAT"S ACCEPTABLE" hierarchial systems that bring order to interpersonal interactions Ex: govt, economy, education, religion, family, health, medicine |
| rational choice theory | individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit minimize harm |
| feminist theory | explain social inequalities that exist based on gender Ex: glass ceiling effect in professional areas |
| value | WHAT A PERSON DEEMS IMPORTANT |
| belief | something a person considers to be true |
| demographics | statistics examining population based on age, gender, nationality, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, immigration status, education level -helps understand how society identifies vs how individual identifies |
| demographic transition | demographic change takes place over time due to birth rate, fertility, mortality, migration (relocation of people), emigration (out flow of people) |
| urbanization | increase in proportion of people living in specified urban areas |
| globalization | increase in interaction & integration on international scale through exchange of products, services, ideas & info |
| social inequality | unequal distribution of opportunities or treatments based on demographics categories Ex: homophobia |
| spatial inequality | unequal access of resources due to geography causing diff. qualities of life |
| global inequality | disparities b/w nations & regions such as gross product, nat. resources, access to healthcare & types of work available |
| social class | category of people who share similar socioeconomic position SES: based on income, wealth, education, occupation |
| social class stratification | STATUS: ascribed: derived from age, skin color & gender achieved: acquired via indiv. effort POWER: influence over community PRESTIGE: (+) regard given by society PRIVILEGE: power & opportunity so don't consider soc. hierarchy Ex: white vs nonwhite |
| Social class mobility types | UPWARD:move up due to edu, marriage, financial success DOWNWARD: move lower due to lack of edu, job,etc INTRAGENERATIONAL:change classes in one generation INTERGENERATIONAL:change classes in various generations MERITOCRACY:advancement based on merit |
| social capital | individual social networks & connections provide economic or personal benefit "WHO YOU KNOW MATTERS" |
| cultural capital | social factors that contribute to social mobility "FITTING IN" |
| Poverty types | ABSOLUTE: lack of essential resources such as food, shelter, clothing, hygiene "Extreme life threatening" RELATIVE: people poor compared to others SOCIAL REPRODUCTION: transmission of social inequality from one generation to the next |
| consciousness | awareness of self, thought, surrounding & goals |
| alertness | "default state" of consciousness beta waves observed in EEG |
| circadian rhythm | -daily balance b/w wakefulness & sleep -drive for sleep build during day -drive for wakefulness driven by SUPRACHNIUS NUCLEUS (SCN) located in hypothalamus which inhibits the release of melatonin by pineal gland ↑light↑melatonin inhibition |
| Sleep stages | 1) Awake 2)NREM 1 3)NREM2 4)NREM 3 5)NREM 4 6) REM |
| awake stage | EEG waves: Beta & Alpha *able to perceive, process, access, & express info |
| NREM 1 | EEG waves: Alpha *light sleep, no dreams |
| NREM 2 | EEG waves: Theta *sleep spindles & K complexes associated w/ full transition into sleep, no dreams |
| NREM 3 | EEG waves: Delta *transition into deep sleep, no dreams |
| NREM 4 | EEG waves: Delta *DEEPEST SLEEP: slow wave sleep, declarative memory consolidation, some sleep disorders |
| REM | EEG: Mostly Beta -High brain activity, appears awake physiologically, dreams paralyzed, procedural memory consolidation, some sleep disorders |
| Sleep Disorders: | 1) Insomnia 2) Sleep terror disorder 3) Narcolepsy 4)Hypnosis 5)Meditation |
| Insomnia | trouble falling asleep & low quality |
| Sleep terror disorder | severe nightmares like imagery during NREM sleep & body moves |
| Narcolepsy | Takeover of waking life by REM sleep that occurs without warning |
| Hypnosis | state of relaxation, focused attention & increased willingness to release control of own actions |
| Meditation | self-produced state of consciousness induced by relaxing & narrowing attention to focus outside of self or broadening attention |
| Conscious altering drugs | Agonists Antagonist Reuptake Neuro drugs Reuptake Inhibitor drugs Enzyme Inhibitor drugs Depressants Stimulants Opiates/Opiods Hallucinogens Marijuana |
| agonist drugs | mimic chemically neurotransmitters "Increasing" their effect on neural functioning |
| antagonist drugs | bind to neurotrans receptors blocking neurotrans binding site ↓normal effects |
| Reuptake neurotransmitter drugs | prevent constant stimulation of post-synaptic receptors |
| Reputake inhibitor drugs | greater amount of neurotrans remain in synapse |
| enzyme inhibitor drugs | prevent breakdown of neurotrans taken up |
| Depressant drugs | (alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepanes) -sense of relaxation & reduced anxiety |
| Stimulant drugs | (amphetamine, cocaine, ecstasy) -increased arousal energy, dopamine, epinephrine |
| Opiates/Opiods | (heroin, morphine, opium, pain killers) -Euphoria, decreased reaction to pain |
| Hallucinogens | (LSD, peyote, mescaline, ketamine, mushroom) -distortion of reality & fantasy, introspection |
| Marijuana | depressant, stimulant & hallucinogen in high doses |
| Behavior | response to the internal & external stimuli experienced |
| social behavior | interaactions taking place b/w members of same species like ATTRACTION (factors draw members together), AGGRESSION (conflict & competition b/w indiv), ATTACHMENT (forming emotional bonds), SOCIAL SUPPORT( finding help through social connections) |
| foraging | set of behaviors used to obtain food like hunting in groups vs solo |
| mating | behavior surrounding propagation through reproduction & mate choice determined by various factors like genetic qualities, health, potential parenting skills etc |
| altruism | behaviors disadvantageous to the indivs like sacrifice but benefits others Ex: inclusive fitness: benefits offspring of close relatives |
| game theory | a study of mathematical models where actions of other group members must be taken into account so each player carries out competitive or cooperative strategies to maximize evolutionary success |
| group | set of indivs interacting w/each other & share some identity elements |
| organization | collection of indivs joined together to coordinate their interactions to achieve a specific goal |
| role | a person plays this in a social interaction defined by beliefs, values, & norms that are expected from them |
| self-presentation | how humans are perceived |
| self-presentation types | IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT: consciously making behavioral choices to create an impression in the minds of others DRAMATURGICAL APPROACH: indiv. create a FRONT-STAGE self ( behavior shown when watched) BACK STAGE SELF (behavior when no audience just players) |
| display rules | unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion |
| group think | group members think alike & agree on decisions based on ideas & solutions arised within the group w/o considering outside ideas -this can lead to members feeling pressured to agreeing for the sake of group harmony |
| group polarization | (GO CRAZY AS A GROUP) attitude of the group as a whole towards a particular issue becomes stronger, extreme than individual attitudes |
| peer pressure | social influence exerted/forced by ones peer to act a certain way |
| social facilitation | tendency to perform better (or worse) when a person knows he's being watched |
| diffusion of responsibility | people on a large anonymous crowd feel less accountable for the outcome of a situation |
| bystander effect | onlookers in a crowd fail to offer assistance to a person who's in trouble b/c they assume someone else will help |
| social loafing | one person starts slacking off so others do work for them |
| deindividuation | occurs when people loose sense of self & follow the crowd |
| socialization | process by which people learn customs & values, norms, & beliefs via observational learning & operant conditioning where proper behavior is rewarded and unacceptable is punished |
| agents of socialization | groups & people who influence personal attitudes, beliefs, behaviors |
| conformity | indivs change their opinions & behaviors to align w/ group norms |
| obedience | behavioral changes in response to what an authority figure commands |
| deviance | any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society |
| stigma | a negative social label that changes a person's social identity by classifying the labeled person as abnormal or tainted |
| compliance | indivs change behavior based on the request of others |
| foot in the door technique | ask for small favor than big |
| door in the face technique | ask for large, fail than ask for small |
| lowball technique | small commitment at first than it gets bigger |
| that's not all technique | offer made than gets better before taking decision similar to lowball technique |
| assimilation | process by which an indiv or group becomes part of new culture |
| multiculturalism | practice of valuing & respecting differences in culture |
| subculture | culture shared by a smaller group of people who are also part of a larger culture but have specific culture attributes separating them |
| ethnocentrsim | belief that one's group is of central importance & judge other cultures based on one's own cultural standards |
| culture relativism | practice of trying to understand culture based on that culture's standards |
| in group | a group with which an individual shares identity & feels loyalty for them |
| out group | a group with which an indiv doesn't identify with, feel hostile, & competitive towards them |
| bias | individual favors the in group & devalues the out group |
| prejudice | misunderstandings or unjustified generalizations about people who aren't in the group |
| discrimination | unfair treatment of others based on membership in a certain group |
| stereotype | belief that all members of that groups share certain characteristics |
| stereotype threat | anxiety & impaired performance when confronted with a negative stereotype |
| self-fulfilling prophecy | stress from knowing negative stereotype causing stereotype to become a reality |
| individual discrimination | one person discriminating another |
| institutional discrimination | discrimination based on social institutions employing policies that differentiate b/w people |
Created by:
aperez48
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