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biochem chapter 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Glycoconjugate | Complex carbohydrate polymer bound/attached to protiens or lipids and act as signals that determine the intracellular location or metabolic fates of these hybrid molecules |
| Define Monosaccharides | Simple sugars that consist of a single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit |
| What is the most common empirical formula for carbohydrates? | (CH2O)n |
| Define Oligosaccharides | Consist of short chains of monosaccharide units or residues/ joined by characterisitc linkages called glycosidic bonds. Three or more |
| Define Disaccharides | Two Monosaccharide units |
| What is one type of disaccharide? | Sucrose |
| Define Polysaccharide | Sugar polymers containing more than 20 or so monosaccharide units or even hundreds |
| Name one polysaccharide | Cellulose/ Glycogen |
| What is a ketone? | ROR (O is double bonded) |
| What is a aldehyde? | RCOH (O is double bonded) |
| What are the two familes of monosaccharides? | Aldoses and Ketoses |
| What is an aldose? | Carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon chain (Aldehyde Group) |
| What is an ketose? | the carbonyl group is at any other position (ketone) |
| Hemiacetal/Hemiketal | Alcohol + Aldehyde/Ketone -> R/R/OH/OR (OR) R/H/OH/OR |
| Acetal/Ketal | Second substitution of alcohol to give R/H/OR/OR (OR) R/R/OR/OR |
| Pyranose | Six membered rings resembling pyran like glucose |
| Furanose | Five membered rings resembling furan |
| Anomer | Isomeric forms of monosaccharides that differ only in their configuration around the hemiacetal or hemiketal carbon |
| Mutarotation | The conversion of anomers |
| Can a glycosidic bond be oxidized? | No because it does not have a free anomeric carbon |
| What if the configuration of the anomeric carbon in a glycosidic linkage? | Alpha |
| Glycans | another name for polysaccharides |
| Homopolysaccharides | Glycogen/ Starch/ Cellulose/ Chitin/ Dextrans |
| Why does glucose not exist in its monomeric form in the liver? | The osmolarity would be increased and water would rush into the cell and burst it and the free energy for glucose uptake into the cell would be very high because of higher concentration of glucose inside the cell |
| Dextrans | Bacterial and yeast polysaccharides |
| Chitin | Makes up exoskeleton of many arthropods |
| What is the one factor that stabalized a polysaccharide? | Hydrogen bonding |
| What are some heteropolysaccharides? | Agar/ Bacterial/Algae Cell Walls/ Glycoaminoglycans |
| Extracellular Matrix | Made of glycoaminoglycans |
| Proteoglycans | Glycoaminoglycans attached to extracellular proteins in which the GAG is joined covalently to a protein. Major components of connective tissues such as cartilage such as heparan sulfate |
| Glycoaminoglycans | Linear repeating disaccharide units |
| Glycoproteins | Many oligosaccharides covalently bonded to a protein and are rich in information forming highly specific sites for recognition and high affinity binding |
| glycolipids | Oligosaccharides and protiens which can act as specific sites for recognition |
| What is the function of the heparan sulfate moieties? | Help module ligand interaction with receptors on cell's surface |
| Interactions of S domains of Heparan Sulfate | 1. Conformational Activation of Protien (Binding blood clotting factor to inactive it)/ 2. Enhanced Protein-Protein interaction (Binding of AT and thrombin to adjacent domains to prevent blood clotting)/ 3. Coreceptor for Ligands (FGF receptor dimerizes)/ |
| Factors that contribute to information richness of oligosaccharides/multitude | Branched structures which are not found in protiens/nucleic acids/ modification by sulfation or acetylation. More density in information than nucleic acids |
| Lectins | Proteisn that bind carbohydrates which serve in cell-cell recognition/ signaling and adhesion processes and intracellular targeting |
| Selectins | Family of plasma membrane lectins that mediate cell-cell recognition and adhesion |
Created by:
nikeshhajari
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