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Unit 2
Growth of Industry, Immigration/Growth of Cities and the Progressive Era
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Free Enterprise System | an economy where private citizens own businesses |
| Mass Production | produce large amounts of goods quickly and cheaply |
| Corporation | a business that is owned by investors who buy shares of stock |
| Monopoly | a company that controls all or nearly all the business of an industry |
| Trust | a group of corporations run by a single board or directors - often very powerful, eliminating their competition, and seen as corrupting the government |
| Strikes: Strikes | used by unions to win their demands from employers, such as better working conditions, higher wages, etc. |
| Bessemer Process | a way of making strong steel at a low cost |
| Sherman Antitrust Act | approved in 1890 - banned the formation of trusts and monopolies but was weak and not very effective |
| Horizontal Integration | the combining of competing companies into one corporation; JD Rockefeller used this to build Standard Oil |
| Vertical Integration | having control of all the steps required to change raw materials into finished products |
| Push Factors | the conditions that push people to leave their homelands to permanently settle in a new country, for example, famine or religious persecution |
| Pull Factors | the conditions that attract people to leave their homeland to settle in a new country, for example for freedom of speech or better jobs |
| Ethnic Group | a group of people who share a common culture, often associated with groups of immigrants living together in the same sections of a city |
| Old Immigration | were Northwestern European immigrants - earlier 1800’s |
| New Immigration | were Southern and Eastern Europeans and Asian immigrants - later 1800’s |
| Assimilation | the process of becoming part of another culture, immigrant children often found it easier to adapt to a new culture and customs than did adult immigrants |
| Melting Pot | belief that the US should accept immigrants and the immigrants should assimilate or adopt the American culture and customs instead of their own cultures and customs |
| Multiculturalism | belief that the US has a variety of cultures, each is unique and welcomed |
| Growth of the Cities | grew fast in the 1800’s due to industrialization and the flood of immigrants who took up residence - men came looking for jobs |
| Purpose of Skyscrapers | they were built due to the lack of space in downtown city areas |
| Civil Service | refers to all federal jobs (except elected positions and the armed services), one must take an exam, and only those with the highest scores are qualified to get the jobs - helped to stop the spoils system and patronage |
| Spoils System | practice of rewarding supporters with government jobs - this practice led to corruption & later Congress established the Civil Service commission in 1883 to end this corruption |
| Muckrakers | reporters and journalists who reported on corrupt politicians and other problems in society |
| Suffragist | a person who campaigned for women’s right to vote such as: Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Alice Paul |
| 19th Amendment | August 1920 - the amendment to the constitution that gave women the right to vote |
| Populist | a political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of railroad rates, and free silver (more money to be put in circulation) |
| How were Populists & Progressives similar? | both parties supported reforms in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s such as an income tax concerned with public interest |
| T.R. was a Progressive. What did the Progressives want? | they wanted public interest, or the good of the people, to guide government actions |
| 16th Amendment | gave Congress the power to impose an income tax |
| 17th Amendment | called for the direct election of senators to Congress |
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