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history-cold war
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Winston Churchill | -British Prime Minister -iron curtain |
| "iron curtain" | the notional barrier separating the former Soviet bloc and the West prior to the decline of communism that followed the political events in eastern Europe in 1989 |
| Deterrence | the action of discouraging an action or event through instilling doubt or fear of the consequences |
| Sun Yat-sen | -united radical groups in forming Nationalist Party -three stage reform process -Three People's Principles |
| Chiang Kai-shek | -replaced Sun-Yat sen -pretends to support alliance but attacks Communists at Shanghai -creates a new Chinese republic at Nanjing |
| Kuomintang (Nationalists) | governed all or part of mainland China from 1928 to 1949 and subsequently ruled Taiwan under Chiang Kai-shek and his successors for most of the time since then |
| Long March | -Mao’s army travelled 6,000 in order to reach the last surviving Communist base -started with 90,000 but ended with 9,000 |
| Mao Zedong | -a revolution would occur from the peasants in the country side not by urban workers -used guerilla tactics against the Nationalist -surrounded by Chiang’s army, Mao’s PLA broke though Nationalists lines and began the famous Long March |
| Taiwan | KMT government exile |
| Berlin Wall | guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin |
| John F. Kennedy | -pledged to strengthen American military forces and promised a tough stance against the Soviet Union and international communism -warned of the Soviet's growing arsenal of intercontinental missiles and pledged to revitalize American nuclear forces |
| Fidel Castro | -Cuban leader -Bay of Pigs -Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Bay of Pigs | failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the CIA-sponsored paramilitary group Brigade 2506 on 17 April 1961 |
| trade embargo | commercial, economic, and financial embargo imposed by the United States on Cuba |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | -13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with Soviet missile deployment in Cuba -closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war |
| 38th Parallel | formed the border between North and South Korea prior to the Korean War |
| stalemate | a position counting as a draw, in which a player is not in check but cannot move except into check |
| armistice | an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce |
| Kim Jong-un | Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea and supreme leader of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
| 17th Parallel | provisional military demarcation line established in Vietnam by the Geneva Accords |
| Viet Cong | National Liberation Front, was a political organization with its own army – People's Liberation Armed Forces of South Vietnam – in South Vietnam and Cambodia |
| Tet Offensive | North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces launched a coordinated series of fierce attacks on more than 100 cities and towns in South Vietnam |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969 |
| Cold War | the period of political tension following WW2 and ending with the fall of the Soviet Union |
| Tehran Conference who | Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill |
| Tehran Conference when | November 1943 |
| Tehran Conference where | Tehran |
| Tehran Conference why | to decide the future course of the war |
| Tehran Conference end result | final assault on Germany, an American-British invasion through France |
| Tehran Conference consequences | -Soviet and British-American forces would meet in a defended Germany and a north-south dividing line -Soviet forces would liberate eastern Europe |
| Yalta Conference who | Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill |
| Yalta Conference when | February 1945 |
| Yalta Conference where | southern Russia |
| Yalta Conference why | -Stalin wanted a buffer to protect the Soviet Union from a possible future Western aggression -this meant establishing pro-Soviet governments along the USSR's borders -however Roosevelt wanted self-determination for Europe |
| Yalta Conference end result | -a pledge to help liberated Europe create free elections -Roosevelt agreed to Stalin's price for military aid against Japan -creation of the United Nations |
| Yalta Conference consequences | -Stalin did not honor the pledge of free elections -this caused a split between the Soviets and Americans |
| Potsdam Conference who | Truman, Stalin |
| Potsdam Conference when | July 1945 |
| Potsdam Conference where | Potsdam |
| Potsdam Conference end result | trials would be held of leaders who had committed crimes against humanity during the war |
| West vs. Soviet views on eachother | West: thought Soviet Policy was part of a worldwide Communist conspiracy Soviets: viewed Western, especially American, policy as nothing less than global capitalist expansionism |
| iron curtain | it had descended across the continent dividing Europe into two hostile camps |
| views on free elections | -U.S.+Britain: believed that the liberated nations of eastern Europe should freely determine their own governments -USSR: Stalin feared that these nations would be anti-Soviet if they were permitted free elections, opposed the West's plans |
| control of Greece | -civil war -Communist People's Liberation Army and Anti-Communist forces supported by Britain -fought for control of Greece -Britain had their own economic problems, so they had to withdraw |
| Truman Doctrine definition | policy of the U.S. to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures |
| Truman Doctrine rationale | -U.S. would also provide aid to other countries threatened by communist expansion -if the Soviet expansion was not stopped in Greece and Turkey, the Truman argument ran, then the U.S. would have to face the spread of communism |
| Marshall Plan | believed that communism was successful in countries with economic problems, thus, to prevent the spread of communism, the Marshall Plan provided $13 billion to rebuild war torn Europe |
| COMECON | -Council for Mutual Economic Assistance -economic cooperation of the Eastern European states -failed because the Soviet Union was unable to provide financial aid |
| policy of containment | keep communism within its existing boundaries and prevent further Soviet aggressive moves |
| division of Germany | -Britain, France, and U.S. were making plans to unify the 3 Western sections of Germany and create a West German Gov. -Soviets opposed this -Soviets attempted to prevent it by putting a blockade of West Berlin |
| division of Germany 2 | -supplies would have to flown in by American and British airplanes -Soviets lifted blockade |
| what two events happened in 1949? | 1. Federal Republic of Germany was created (west) 2. German Democratic Republic was created |
| arms race | both countries built up their armies and weapons |
| NATO | -North Atlantic Treaty Organization -Belgium, Luxemburg, France, Netherlands, Britain, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Portugal and Iceland signed a treaty with the U.S. and Canada |
| Warsaw Pact | Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania |
| deterrence | -held that huge arsenals of nuclear weapons on both sides prevented war -the belief was that neither side would launch a nuclear attack, because both knew that the other side would be able to strike back with devastating power |
| what happened in 1957 to put fear in Americans? | Soviets sent Sputnik 1, the first human-made satellite, to orbit Earth |
| causes of the Cold War W | what they believed (ideologies) -communism vs. democracy |
| causes of the Cold War A | aims -reparations from Germany and a buffer of friendly states vs. democracy and help Germany to recover |
| causes of the Cold War R | resentment about history -Russian Revolution destruction vs. Nazi-Soviet Pact |
| causes of the Cold War E | events -series of events slowly broke down the alliance and turned the allies into enemies |
| salami tactics what happened? | from 1946-1947 Stalin made sure that Communist governments came to power in all of the Eastern European countries |
| salami tactics where does this name come from? | Hungarian communist Rakosi described this process as "slicing salami"-gradually getting rid of the opposition bit-by-bit |
| George Kennan | U.S. diplomat who wrote that the U.S. should not allow communism to spread, and that it should be contained to the Soviet Union |
| ideologies of the Cold War east-government | -one party state -only the Communist Party is allowed -the country is run by elected councils called Soviets |
| ideologies of the Cold War west-government | -democratic state -many people are allowed to stand in elections -the leader of the party which wins an election becomes the head of the government |
| ideologies of the Cold War east-human rights | -strict limits on many human and civil rights -limits on free speech, travel, worship, etc -dissidents (people who try to break those limits) risk imprisonment |
| ideologies of the Cold War west-human rights | -fewer limits -some rights are guaranteed by law |
| ideologies of the Cold War east-social | -average living standards lower than in the West -wealth more evenly distributed, so fewer people are either rich or poor |
| ideologies of the Cold War west-social | -average living standards higher in the East -wealth distributed unevenly, so there are more poor people than in the East |
| ideologies of the Cold War east-economy | -government-run economy -factories, farms, mines, shops, etc. are publicly owned -profits used for the public good |
| ideologies of the Cold War west-economy | -free-market economy -farms, factories, mines, shops, etc. are privately owned -profits go to the company |
| ideologies of the Cold War east-culture | -media is owned and run by the government -newspapers, books, films, radio, and TV are strictly censored |
| causes of the Korean War D | domino theory -in the far east, Communists were becoming too powerful (China became communist in 1949, North Korea had Soviet influence) -President Truman believed if one country fell to communism, then others would follow -if Korea->communist, Japan2 |
| causes of the Korean War U | undermine communism -on April 1950, the American National Security Council issued a report recommending America to abandon "containment" and start "rolling back" communism |
| causes of the Korean War C | Cold War -Truman realized the U.S. was in competition for world domination with the Soviets -by supporting South Korea, the U.S. was able to fight communism without directly fighting the USSR |
| causes of the Korean War K | Kim II-Sung -had visited Stalin and persuaded him in 1949 that he could conquer South Korea -met with Mao Zedong -Stalin did not think the U.S. would get involved -Stalin saw a chance to continue the Cold War and discomfort the U.S. at arms length |
| causes of the Korean War S | Syngman Rhee -boasted he was going to attacked North Korea |
| what happened to Korea after WW2? | it was divided into zones of occupation between the Allied Powers |
| the north was influenced by the Soviet Union and under the influence of... | Kim-II Sung |
| the south was influenced by the U.S. and under the leadership of... | Syngman Rhee |
| what happened on June 25, 1950? | North Korea crosses the 38th parallel |
| what did the UN call for after the war began? | military assistance for South Korea |
| who led the amphibious invasion of Inchon? | UN forces under the command of Douglas MacArthur |
| what happened on October 25, 1950? | Chinese launched counterattack |
| what happened in April 1951 concerning General Douglas MacArthur? | he repeatedly challenged presidential authority and even considered launching nuclear weapons...he was fired |
| the last two years of the Korea War were defined by... | a bloody stalemate |
| what happened on July 27, 1953? | the armistice was signed |
| DMZ | -demilitarized zone -buffer zone patrolled by North Korean, South Korean, United States, and UN troops |
| why is the Korean War referred to as the "Forgotten War?" | because it was overshadowed by other wars |
| the Korean War was the first war where... | 1. first and only time American and Soviet armed forces would ever face eachother in military combat 2. first time the UN intervened in a conflict with military force |
| how was the UN different from the League of Nations? | the UN was keen to demonstrate that it had teeth and wanted to avoid the appeasement strategy |
| what was Khrushchev's desire/wish for the Soviet Union? | -pursue a policy of peaceful co-existence with the West -domestically de-Stalinize |
| what was Khrushchev's relationship like with the U.S.? | -visited the U.S. (unlike Stalin) -1960: USSR shot down an American U-2 spy plane -approved the construction of the Berlin Wall (East vs. West) -Bay of Pigs/Cuban Missile Crisis |
| how did Khrushchev de-Stalinize the Soviet Union? | -criticized Stalin in a speech -city of Stalingrad renamed -Stalin's remains were removed from Lenin's mausoleum -loosened government control of literacy and artistic works -reduced the power of the Soviet Union's secret police |
| what did Khrushchev do domestically? | -worked to increase agricultural production and raise living standards -opened up the country to foreign visitors -inaugurated the space age with the launch of Sputnik |
| how did Khrushchev fall from power? | -lost prestige from other officials due to break with China and food shortages -forced to resign in 1964 from positions of premier and head of Communist Party |
| what steps did Khrushchev take to become the leader of the Soviet Union? | 1918: joined the Communist Bolsheviks 1929: moved to Moscow where the rose through the Communist Party ranks, ultimately entered inner circle of Stalin WW2: mobilized troops to fight Germany in Ukraine and Stalingrad 1953-1957: head of Communist Party |
| when Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China, what was one of the first things he did? | -signed the Treaty of Friendship with the Soviet Union -U.S. feared the spread of communism |
| National People's Congress | National Legislature |
| People's Liberation Army | (PLA) controlled the armed forces |
| Chinese Communist Party | (CCP) had the real power -central committee: top party -Politiburo: select group from Central Committee |
| Agrarian Reform Law of 1950 | -holdings of landowners seized -those who resisted were killed -land was then divided among peasants -peasants were forced to join collective farms |
| First Five-Year Plan | -rapid industrialization through central planning. emphasis on heavy industry -agriculture-secondary -production of consumer goods: lowest priority |
| Second Five-Year Plan Great Leap Forward | -focus on both industrial and agricultural output -high goals for increases in iron and steel -peasants could make steel during times of agricultural year -unite the cooperative farms into communes |
| how was the Great Leap Forward a failure? | -due to floods and bad harvests, agricultural productions had not come close to expectations, and reports of massive steel production proved to be false -one of the worst man-made famines in history -Mao was pushed aside, rivals controlled China |
| Liu Shaoqi | -became new leader after Great Leap Forward -took a more pragmatic approach -economy slowly began to grow -saw the irse of technical and intellectual class that was like old times, decided to act -Mao was waiting for return |
| what were the goals of the Cultural Revolution? | -launched to purge the country of bourgeois values and the enemies of communism -main focus was the abolishment of Old Fours |
| Old Fours | -old customs -old culture -old habits -old ideas |
| Red Guards | young people, workers, and army members whos role was to attack the "old fours" of society |
| Little Red Book | -was published by the Government of the People's Republic of China -collection of quotations excerpted from Mao's past speeches and publications -requirement for every Chinese citizen to own, to read, and to carry at all times |
| what happened during the Cultural Revolution? why? what was the purpose/goal? | -students: refused to take exams -teachers: deemed as counterrevolutionaries -disruption in education -writers and scientists attacked -abolish all insignia of rank in army -eliminate all distinctions of rank in society |
| what were the effects of the Cultural Revolution? | -success in political objective -severely damaged economy -millions persecuted -historical artifacts and cultural religious sites destroyed |
| Lin Bao | Mao's successor |
| between 1800 and 1956, Vietnam was a colony of... | France |
| Ho Chi Minh | -leader of North Vietnam -lead the Viet Minh independence -wanted independence |
| how does the U.S. initially become involved with Vietnam? | U.S. sends money and airplanes to help the French |
| Geneva Accords | -held in Geneva, Switzerland -ceasefire agreed upon between France and the Viet Minh |
| how did Eisenhower feel about the Geneva Accords? | did not support (or sign) the Accords |
| what was Eisenhower's Cold War policy? | supported the creation of a pro-western democracy (counter revolutionary alternative) south of the 17th Parallel |
| Ngo Dinh Diem | -leader of South Vietnam -anti communism/nationalist -supported by U.S. |
| Gulf of Tonkin | -North Vietnam launched a local attack against the C. Turner Joy and the USS Maddox (two American ships) -Gulf of Tonkin resolution gave President Johnson power to conduct military operations without officially declaring war |
| Operation Rolling Thunder | -U.S. would begin bombing operations over North Vietnam -U.S. military aircraft attacked targets in North Vietnam |
| what was the purpose of Operation Rolling Thunder? | to put military pressure on NV and reduce their capacity to wage war |
| how was Vietnam fought? | Guerilla Warfare |
| napalm | -flammable liquid -used as weapon -sticks to skin and causes severe burns when on fire |
| Agent Orange | defoliant chemical used by the U.S. |
| Richard Nixon | wins the election with his pledge to end the war and bring the American troops |
| when did the Vietnam War officially end? | Nixon reaches an agreement with North Vietnam (Paris Peace Accords) |
| what happened two years later? | Vietnam is forcibly reunited by Communist armies from the North |
| Berlin Blockade | Soviets tried to cut off West Berlin by closing the main road that led them into the city |
| containment | stopping the spread of communism by standing up to the Soviets wherever they seemed to want to explore |
| what other areas of the world were involved in the Cold War? | -Afghanistan -Nicaragua -El Salvador -Guatemala -Egypt -Hungary -Czechoslovakia |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | -leader of Soviet Union after Stalin -created Glasnost and Perestroika |
| Glasnost | -began to give more rights back to the people -encouraged general openness with other nations in the Cold War |
| Perestroika | -fixed economic, social, and political problems -main goal was to make the SU more Americanized by allowing more choice and freedom to the public |
| how was Gorbachev kicked from the presidency? | overthrown by a coup led by Boris Yeltsin |
| when and where did the unraveling of the SU occur? | Poland in Jun 1989 |
| what did Gorbachev propose the Union Treaty? | wanted to maintain the territorial integrity of the SU |
| Sun Yat-Sen's Three Stage Reform Process | -military takeover -Sun’s own people would prepare for democratic rule -constitutional democracy |
| Sun Yat Sen's Three People's Principles | -nationalism -democracy -right for people to pursue their own livelihoods |
| Revolution of 1911 | -Sun’s people revolted in central China -Sun was in United States (NO LEADER) -Qing Dynasty collapsed |
| Yuan Shigai | -understood little of new ideas coming from the West -tried dictatorial efforts (dissolved parliament) -Sun Yat-sen party launched a rebellion -failure and Sun fled to Japan -died in 1916, but country slipped into Civil War known as the Warlord Era |
| Nationalist/Communist Alliance | With the help of the Soviet Union the Nationalist and the Communist Party in China formed an alliance in 1923 to oppose the warlords and drive out imperialist powers |
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