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history-WW2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Woodrow Wilson | -LON -14 Points |
| Fourteen Points | statement of principles for peace that was to be used for peace negotiations in order to end World War I |
| League of Nations | international organization, headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, created after the First World War to provide a forum for resolving international disputes |
| collective securit | the cooperation of several countries in an alliance to strengthen the security of each |
| Rhineland | loosely defined area of Western Germany along the Rhine River, chiefly its middle section |
| appeasement | a diplomatic policy of making political or material concessions to an enemy power in order to avoid conflict |
| Anschluss | "connection" or "joining" is the term used to describe the annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany |
| Sudetenland | western areas of Czechoslovakia which were inhabited primarily by ethnic German speakers |
| isolationism | a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups, especially the political affairs of other countries |
| neutrality acts | laws passed in 1935, 1936, 1937, and 1939 to limit U.S. involvement in future wars |
| propaganda | information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view |
| Douglas MacArthur | -American general -commanded Southwest Pacific -oversaw the successful Allied occupation of postwar Japan -led United Nations forces in the Korean War |
| partisans | member of an armed group formed to fight secretly against an occupying force |
| what was the League of Nations task? | to make sure war never broke out again |
| why was the choice for the League of Nations to be in Switzerland natural? | Switzerland was a neutral country and had not fought in the Great War |
| what was the 1st step the LON could do to stop a dispute? | -could call on the states in dispute to sit down and discuss the problem in an orderly and peaceful manner -if one nation was seen to be the offender, the League could intro duce VERBAL SANCTIONS |
| verbal sanctions | warning an aggressor that she would need to leave another nation's territory or face the consequences |
| what was the 2nd step the LON could do to stop a dispute? | -ECONOMIC SANCTIONS -purpose was to financially hit the aggressor nation so that she would have to do as the League required -logic was to push an aggressor nation towards bankruptcy, so that the people in that state would take out their anger on gov |
| what was the 3rd step the LON could do to stop a dispute? | -PHYSCIAL SANCTIONS -military force would be used to put into place the League's decision -League did not have a military force at its disposal and no member of the League had to provide one under the terms of joining |
| what were the LON's weaknesses? | -no military -America refused to join -Germany and Russia could not join -France and Britain both suffered financially and militarily during the war |
| Manchuria dispute | -Japan tried to overcome the depression by building up an empire -invaded Manchuria -threw out Chinese -set up own government |
| Manchuria what the league did | -sent officials to study the problem (took a year) -ordered Japan to leave Manchuria |
| Manchuria what happened | -Japan refused to leave Manchuria -Japan left League of Nations -League could not agree on sanctions or even a ban on weapon sales -Britain and France did not want a war, so nothing was done -Japanese stayed in Manchuria |
| Abyssinia dispute | -Mussolini got ready to invade Abyssinia (Ethiopia) -wanted war and glory -Abyssinia asked League for help |
| Abyssinia what the league did | -talked to Mussolini -Mussolini used the time to send an army to Africa -League suggested a plan to give part of Abyssinia to Italy |
| Abyssinia what happened | -Mussolini ignored the League -invaded Abyssinia -League banned weapons sales, put sanctions on rubber and metal -Britain and France secretly agreed to give Abyssinia to Italy -Italy conquered Abyssinia |
| why did Hitler set his eyes on the Soviet Union? | -land would be resettled by German peasants -Slavic peoples could be used as slave labor to build the 3rd Reich |
| how did Hitler violate the Treaty of Versailles? | -announced creation of air force -began a military draft that would expand Germany's army from 100,000 to 550,000 troops |
| why could France, Great Britain, and Italy not do much about it? | because of the Great Depression they were distracted by their own internal problems |
| what happened on March 7, 1936 and why was this action a violation of the Treaty of Versailles? | -Hitler sent German troops into the Rhineland -Rhineland was a demilitarized area; Germany was not permitted to have weapons or fortifications there |
| how did Great Britain react to the above event? | -they did not support the use of force against Germany -viewed the occupation of German territory as a reasonable action by a dissatisfied power |
| appeasement | if European states satisfied the reasonable demands of dissatisfied power, the dissatisfied powers would be content, and stability and peace would be achieved in Europe |
| what did Mussolini do that angered Britain and France? | invaded Ethiopia |
| Rome-Berlin Axis | alliance between Germany and Italy |
| Anti-Comintern Pact | Germany and Japan signed, promised a common front against communism |
| describe the relationship between Germany and Austria | -Hitler threatened Austria with invasion -forced Austrian chancellor to put Austrian Nazis in charge of the government -new government promptly invited German troops to enter Austria and "help" in maintain law and order |
| what was decided at the Munich Conference? | German troops were allowed to occupy the Sudetenland |
| why is this considered the "high point of Western appeasement" | Hitler promised to make no more demands |
| did Hitler keep his promise to Neville Chamberlain of not making any more demands? | no, because he began to demand the Polish part of Danzig |
| why did Hitler sign the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact? | he feared that the West and the Soviet Union might make an alliance that would mean a two-front war for Germany |
| what was promised in this pact? | promised Stalin control of eastern Poland and Baltic states |
| what happened September 1, 1939? | German forces invaded Poland |
| What happened September 3, 1939? | Britain and France declared war on Germany |
| what is the S in SCRAMCUP? | SAAR Plebiscite |
| what is the C in SCRAMCUP? | Conscription and Re-armament |
| what is the R in SCRAMCUP? | Rhineland |
| what is the A in SCRAMCUP? | Anschluss (Austria) |
| what is the M in SCRAMCUP? | Munich Conference |
| what is the C in SCRAMCUP? | Czechoslovakia |
| what is the U in SCRAMUP? | USSR/Nazi Pact |
| what is the P in SCRAMCUP? | Poland |
| SAAR Plebiscite | -SAAR valley controlled by League of Nations -1935: plebiscite (vote) *return to Germany or stay independent? *propaganda opportunity for Hitler *results? 90.3%=return to Germany -Hitler announced he had no more territorial demands to make of France |
| Conscription and Re-armament | -1935:Hitler reintroduced conscription -violation of Treaty -France and Britain don't react |
| Rhineland | -was to be a de-militarized zone, according to Treaty of Versailles -1936: Germany remilitarizes Rhineland |
| Munich Conference | -Hitler demanded Sudetenland -1938: First: Hitler demands union w/Germany Second: Hitler plans invasion |
| Sudetenland | borders of Czechoslovakia, mainly inhabited by ethnic Germans |
| Munich Conference who? | -Adolf Hitler -Benito Mussolini -Neville Chamberlin -Edvoard Daladier |
| Munich Conference Munich Pact | -permits Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland -Hitler promised to go no further-no further territorial expansion |
| Munich Conference legacy | appeasement |
| Czechoslovakia | -1939: Germany invaded rest of Czechoslovakia -Britain=outraged -Britain began to realize that war was only method to stop Hitler |
| USS/Nazi Port | -Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact -by 1939, Hitler wants to invade Poland (fears reparations) -August 1939: -Germans and Soviet Union agree not to fight -Hitler wanted to prevent war w/ Soviet Union, Great Britain, and France |
| Poland | -1939: First: demanded union w/ Danzig Second: Hitler threatened war -Chamberlin promised to protect Poles from German invasion -September 1, 1939: Hitler invaded Poland -Great Britain and France declare war on Germany |
| describe early Japan | -society based on feudalism -power was in the hands of the shogun (military general) -1600's ruled by Tokugawa shoguns -became isolationists -only Dutch had limited trade |
| who made contact with Japan in 1853? | -a fleet of well armed American ships came to Tokyo Bay -forces were led by commodore Matthew Perry |
| what was the outcome of that contact? | -U.S. forced extraterritorial rights -after the opium war, Japan was convinced that it had to open up to the West |
| Treaty of Kanagawa | -unable to defend itself, Japan opened two ports to the U.S. -other European countries demanded the same rights -Japan felt humiliated -blamed the shogun for not taking a stand |
| how did Japan react to the treaty? | -Japanese overthrew the last shogun and put their emperor in charge -ended its policy of isolationism |
| what was Japan's new slogan? | Japanese spirit; Western technology! |
| Meiji Restoration | Japanese period beginning in 1858 when Japan went from a non-industrial feudal nation to a modern, industrial and imperial country |
| Meiji reforms/countries adopted form | -abolished the feudal system -land redistribution -westernize the school system (France and Germany) -modernize army (Prussian) |
| Meiji reforms/countries adopted form 2 | -built a modern navy (British) -emperor worship intensified -human rights and religious freedom -written constitution -modern banking system |
| in order for Japan to industrialize, they must... | imperialize |
| Sino-Japanese War | -Japan goes to war with China for influence in Korea -Japan wins |
| outcome of Sino-Japanese War | Japan gains control of ports in China, as well as Taiwan |
| Russo-Japanese War | -Japan goes to war with Russia over power in Korea and Manchuria -Japan wins |
| outcome of Russo-Japanese War | -Korea becomes a protectorate -Japan gains rights in parts of Manchuria |
| by 1910 Japan annexes... | Korea |
| describe Japan in the 1920's | -to strengthen their relationships w/ other countries, they drew back from some imperial goals -1922: signed an agreement w/ U.S. to limit size of navy -Emperor Hirohito will rule from 1926-1989 -The Great Depression devastates Japan |
| who controls the government in Manchuria? | military |
| describe the Manchurian incident | invaded for resources |
| how does the LON react? | condemns action |
| what does Japan do? | leaves LON |
| what was Japan's reason to grow? | idea was to liberate Asian nations from Western powers |
| what was Japan's goal? | to create a Japanese empire |
| what does Japan do as the war breaks out? | looks to grab European possessions -oil, rubber, tin |
| how does the U.S. react? | bans the sale of all war materials (sanctions) |
| Allied Powers | -Great Britain, Poland, France, Austrailia -Soviet Union -U.S., China |
| Axis Powers | Germany, Italy, Japan |
| Rome-Berlin Axis-who? | Germany and Italy |
| Anti-Comintern Pact-who? | Germany and Japan |
| Pact of Steel-who? | Germany and Italy |
| Tripartite Pact-who? | Germany, Italy, and Japan |
| what countries were part of the Grand Alliance? | Soviet Union, U.S., Great Britain |
| who was the leader of the U.S.? | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| who was the leader of Britain? | Winston Chruchill |
| who was the leader of Japan? | Hideki Tojo |
| what were the broad causes of WW11? | -destruction caused by WW1 -failure of WW1 peace settlements -global economic depression -British/French appeasement -acts of aggression by Axis Powers -weakness of the League of Nations -militaristic, nationalist leaders in Germany, Italy, andJapan |
| blitzkrieg | lightning war |
| what does this entail? | -airplanes would bomb enemy cities, roads, airfields -soldiers and civilians were machine-gunned from the air -armored tanks (panzer divisions) would roll through |
| how successful was Germany in using this strategy at the beginning of the war? | -Germany crushed Poland in 3-4 weeks -Poland divided between Germany and USSR -April-May 1940 *Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium..next stop France |
| Battle of France | -Maginot Line not crossed by the Germans -went through Belgium instead |
| Battle of Dunkirk | -French troops and British army trapped on the beaches of Dunkirk -Royal Navy and civilians in private boats helped evacuate the soldiers |
| what was the end result? | -armistice signed on June 22, 1940 -Germany now occupied 3/5 of France -now known as Vichy France |
| Maginot Line | French defense system, series of concrete and steel fortifications armed with heavy artillery |
| why did the U.S. not get involved? | -followed a strict policy of isolationism - a series of neutrality acts prevented the U.S. from taking sides or becoming involved in any European Wars |
| Battle of Britain | -Hitler tried to bomb British into surrendering -gain control of air, then amphibious (water--> land) invasion -first military targets, then cities -September 1940: began bombing London |
| what was the outcome? | -no success -British pilots and anti-aircraft guns hot down so many planes that Hitler gave up -Radar helped the British defeat Germany |
| Operation Barbarossa | -early success for Germany -early winter and fierce Soviet resistance halted the German advance -no winter uniforms, had attacked in June and believed could be defeated before winter set in |
| how did the Soviet Union respond? | -used scorched-earth policy -Germans forced to surrender -from then on, Soviet forces kept pushing Germans back |
| when and why did the U.S. enter the war? | -December 7, 1941 -Japan attacks Pearl Harbor -FDR declares war on Japan the next day -U.S. enters the war on the side of the Allied Powers |
| Battle of Coral Sea | -May 1942 -off coast of Australia -aerial battle between planes launched from carriers (first time in history) -U.S. blocked the invasion of Australia -strategic allied victory |
| Battle of Midway | -June 1942 -around Midway Island in the Central Pacific -destroyed four Japanese carriers and 250 planes -turning point in war |
| what was the significance of the Battle of Midway? | it was the first time U.S. took the offense, and the last time Japan was able to be on the offense |
| island-hopping | military strategy employed by the allies in the Pacific |
| what was the purpose of island-hopping? | Concentrate limited Allied resources on strategically important islands that were not well defended but capable of supporting the drive to the main islands of Japan -bypass fortified Japanese positions |
| Battle of Guadalcanal | -August 1942-Feb. 1943 -Americans win first major land victory -U.S. used Navajo Indians as "code-talkers" -helped the U.S. communicate safely w/o the Japanese translating the messages |
| Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa | -allies started to bomb Japan to weaken their defenses -would have to establish bases on islands near Japan -Japanese forces would defend these islands fiercely |
| Battle of Leyte Gulf | -October 1944 -largest naval battle -Island of Leyte invaded -wanted to isolate Japan from the countries it had occupied and deprive it of vital oil supplies -allied victory |
| Battle of Iwo Jima | -Feb-March 1945 -26,000 U.S. troops killed or wounded in order to take Iwo Jima -victory marked by the raising of the U.S. flag atop Mt. Suribachi |
| Battle of Okinawa | -April-June 1945 -Japanese defend island fiercely -last hurdle before U.S. would invade Japan -mass suicide by Japanese started to make the U.S. wonder if they would ever surrender |
| why did the U.S. consider using the atomic bomb? | -U.S. feared an invasion of Japan would result in 200,000 American casualties and perhaps 1-2 million Japanese casualties -U.S. considers using an atomic bomb to end the war quickly |
| Manhattan Project | a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons |
| D-Day | -June 6, 1944 -allied troops crossed the English channel from Britain and landed on the beaches of Normandy in France |
| what were the series of events that led to V-E Day? | -allies had taken Paris and moved eastward -begins liberation of Europe -April 28: Mussolini captured and hung -April 30: Hitler committed suicide -May 7: Germany surrendered unconditionally -May 8: officially V-E Day |
| General Dwight D. Eisenhower | -supreme commander of allied forces -led the massive invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe that began on D-Day |
| who was present at the Yalta Conference? | -FDR -Winston Churchill -Joseph Stalin |
| it was agreed that after the Soviet Union entered the war against Japan, it would receive... | a sphere of influence in Manchuria following Japan's surrender |
| what was one agreement at the Yalta Conference that was also stated in the Treaty of Versailles? | Germany should assume some responsibility for reparations following the war |
| who became the next president after FDR died? | Harry S. Truman |
| what do some say about FDR and his role/decisions made at the Yalta Conference? | they accuse him of "handing over" Eastern Europe and Northeast Asia to the Soviet Union |
| who was present at the Potsdam Conference? | -Stalin -Churchill -Truman |
| what was the debate/disagreement about Germany? | how much reparations Germany should pay |
| Germany was to be divided into how many zones, and occupied by whom? | 4, the allies (U.S., Britain, France, USSR) |
| what land did Poland receive? | a large part of German territory |
| what was stated in the "Potsdam Declaration?" | U.S. threatened Japan with prompt and utter destruction if it did not immediately surrender |
| what did President Truman tell Stalin? | that the U.S. had successfully detonated the first atomic bomb |
| when was Hiroshima bombed? | August 6, 1945 |
| how many people were killed? | 200,000 |
| what happened to the people, structures, etc. as a result of the bomb? | 70,000 of 76,000 buildings were damaged/destroyed |
| when was Nagasaki bombed? | August 9, 1945 |
| how many people were killed? | 80,000 |
| why was it decided to drop a second bomb? | to show that the U.S. had an endless supply of the new weapon for use against Japan, and they would continue until Japan surrendered |
| what city was supposed to be bombed? why that city? why was it not bombed? | -Kokura -Japan had one of their largest munitions plants there -clouds+fires covered the city so the bomber wasn't able to get a clear target |
| when did Japan surrender? | August 14 |
| what was stated in the Atlantic Charter? | 26 nations @ war with Axis Powers pledged to use their full resources against the Axis and agreeing to make a separate peace |
| the postwar international organization that was to be established would be based on the principle of... | collective security/equality of all nations |
| what countries would serve on the Security Council? | U.S., Britain, Soviet Union, China |
| what was set up (in terms of councils) under the Charter of the United Nations? | -General Assembly -Security Council -Economic/Social Council -International Court of Justice -Trusteeship Council -Secretary General |
| the United Nations came into existence on... | October 24, 1945 |
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amandathornton
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