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26 the new era
the american nation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| John W. Davis | 1924,Democratic presidential nomineee chosen on the 103rd party ballot. Was Wilson's solicitor general and a conservative corporation lawyer allied with the House of Morgan. 1954,represented the segregationists in the Brown v. Board of Education decision. |
| Albert Fall | President Harding's secretary of interior who arranged 2 lease govern. oil reserves 2 private oil companies in return for personal, non-repayable "loans". The central figure in the Teapot Dome scandal,was eventually fined & imprisoned 4 accepting a bribe. |
| adjusted compensation | Bonuses demanded by WW1 veterans, members of the American Legion for their years of military service. Presidents Harding and Coolidge vetoed the proposals, but in 1924, Congress granted the veterans paid up life-insurance premiums worth over $1,000 each. |
| Felix Frankfurther | A Harvard Law School professor who advised Franklin Roosevelt. He was later named the Supreme Court. |
| Young Plan | 1929 plan tht,along w/ the Dawes Plan(1924),attempt. 2 help European nations pay their war debts to the US & help Germany pay its reparations obligations.Onset of depression in 1930s ruined chances tht either war debts/reparations would continue 2 be paid |
| Andrew Mellon | Secretary of the treasure in 1920s. Supported low taxes for the rich, higher tariffs, a return to laissez-faire policies, cutting govern. expenses through more efficient administration.His policies balanced the federal budget & reduced the national debt. |
| Nine-Power Treaty | At the Washington Naval Conference, all participants agreed to respect China's independence and to maintain to Open Door in Asia. |
| Calvin Coolidge | American president.Darling of of conservatives in 1920s(& of president Reagan in 1980s).He greatly admired businessmen and was devoted to laissex-faire economics.During his one-term presidency,complacency was the order of the day. |
| Ohio Gang | President Harding filled many appointive positions w/ old political & personal friends frm Ohio-home state.D group,headed by his attorney general,Harry Daugherty,soon became involved in corruption & many scandals,abusing their office for personal profit. |
| Teapot Dome | A govern. oil reserve in Wyoming under the navy's control. It became involved in a scandal when President Harding's secretary of the interior, Albert Fall, leased the reserves to private oil companies in return for a bribe. |
| Yankeephobia | Fear of the US that reflected Latin Americans' dislike & mistrust of the 'Colossus of the North." Military interventions under the Roosevelt Corollary & economic domination under dollar diplomacy fostered Latin American resentment toward US power & wealth |
| reparations | Damages paid when person or country is determined to have caused a financial loss to another. |
| Franklin D. Roosevelt | New York Governor elected president in 1932,1936,1940 & 1944.He organized the New Deal's broadening of govern. authority to deal with the Great Depression and lead the nation throughout World War II. |
| Alfred E. Smith | In 1928,this New York Democratic governor became the first Catholic to be nominated for presidency by a major party.Herbert Hoover soundly defeated him,but the distribution of the vote suggested a major realignment in national parties was occurring. |
| Thomas J. Walsh | A Democratic senator from Montana who conducted the Teapot Dome investigation into the Harding administration. |
| Stimson Doctrine | 1931,Japan invaded Manchuria & set up the puppet state of Manchukuo.US Secretary of State Stimson issued a doctrine announcing tht US would not recognize the legality of Japan's action nor extend recognition to Manchukuo.(irritated the Japanese) |
| Anacostia Flats | A swamp bordering the Potomac River that was the site of shacks and tents established by the "Bonus Army" in Washington during the summer of 1932. |
| Herbert Hoover | A proven administrator & the intellectual leader of the New Era movement of govern.-business partnership & cooperation.Before he was elected president in 1928,he had never been elected to any office.The 1929 stock-market crash ruined his presidency. |
| Harley-Smoot Tariff | Passed by congress in 1930-(raised duties on most manufactured goods 2 prohibitive levels).Unable to earn American dollars in trade,Europeans could not make their war debt payments,further aggravating the depression of the American & European economies. |
| The Dawes Plan | Passed in 1924.Along with the(Owen)Young Plan(1929)tried 2 help European nations pay their war debts 2 US & help Germany pay its reparations obligations.Onset of depression in 1930s ruined chances tht either war debts/reparations would continue 2 be paid |
| stock market crash | On October 29,1929,the bottom seemed to drop out of the stock market.More than 16 million shares were sold and prices plummeted.Stocks rallied later in the year,but a depression set in by the middle of 1930. |
| Kellogg-Briand Pact | This 1928 agreement was a moral indictment of war,an "international kiss" that outlawed war as an instrument of national policy. It contained no enforcement of machinery. |
| Dwight L.Morrow | President Coolidge's appointee as ambassador to Mexico.A patient & sympathetic man,helped improve US-Mexican relations.Also helped Mexicans complete their social & economic revolution without interference from the United States. |
| normalcy | Warren Harding coined this phrased during the 1920 presidential campaign.The term is identified with his(&the public's) desire to abandon the "abnormal" crusading spirit of progressivism & wartime sacrifice that had demanded so much of his generation. |
| A&P Company | This food chain expanded from the 400 stores nationwide in 1912 to 17,500 in 1928. By the end of the century however, it had few remaining outlets. |
| bull market | Term that refers to a period of rising prices on the stock market; falling prices mean a "bear" market. The stock market was bullish in the 1920s until the Great Crash of late 1929. |
| New Deal | President Franklin D.Roosevelt's plan for, and active government response to, the Great Depression.It called for experimentation in providing relief for individuals, recovery of the economy, and reform of the American system. |
| totalitarian | A system of government in which all major decisions are made by and regulated through an all-encompassing centralized structure. |
| Harry Sinclair | Gentleman who bribed Secretary of the Interior Gall to lease oil reserves in Teapot Dome,Wyoming,to his Mammoth Oil Company. He was convicted of jury tampering and contempt of the Senate. |
| Manchukuo | Name given to the Chinese province of Machuria following its conquest by the Japanese in 1931. |
| Reconstruction Finance Corporation | In 1932 President Hoover agreed to the creation of this agency tht would loan money 2 banks,railroads & insurance companies in an effort to stimulate the depressed economy.These were loans,not gifts or grants & they offered no direct relief to individuals |
| farm bloc | Group of Midwestern Republicans & Southern Democrats in the 1920s tht represented a conservative populism of indebted postwar farmers.-Opponent was "the interests" of rich bankers & industrialists.They favored lower taxes & higher tariffs on farm goods |
| Budget and Accounting Act | Passed by Congress in 1921,this legislation created a director of the (federal) budget to help prepare a unified budget, and a comptroller general to audit government accounts. |
| Harlan Fiske Stone | Named by President Coolidge as attorney general to replace the scandal-plagued Harry Daughtery.He was later put on the Supreme Court, and Franklin Roosevelt elevated him to chief justice in 1941. |
| Bonus Army | June 1932-20,000 WW1 veterans marched on Washington,DC 2 demand immediate payment of their "adjusted compensation" bonuses voted by Congress in 1924.Congress rejected demands. |
| Bonus Army 2 | President Hoover had army remove them from their encampment,feared their ranks were infested w/ criminals & radicals. |
| Meeting called in 1921 by Secretary of State Hughes to reaffirm the Open Door policy in Asia and place limitations on naval construction.The conference achieved some of his goals, but only for a brief time. | |
| Memo issued by State Department officer Reuben Clark in 1930 that rescinded the US claim to the right to intervene in the affairs of Latin American nations as expressed in the Roosevelt Corollary. | |
| Clark Memorandum 2 | It laid the groundwork for the Goof Neighbor policy of the Hover and Franklin D Roosevelt administrations. |
| Four Power Treaty | At the Washington Naval Conference, the United States, Britain, France and Japan agreed to respect one another's interests in the Pacific. |
| Good Neighbor Policy | President Hoover's administration initiated a new approach to relations with other nations in the Western Hemisphere.This approach declared America's intention 2 disclaim the right 2 intervention pronounced in the Platt Amendment & the Roosevelt Corollary |
| John Nance Garner | Roosevelt's chief rival for the 1932 Democratic presidential election.He was Speaker of the House from Uvalde,Texas.He joined Roosevelt's ticket in 1932 & 1963 but retired in 1940 after disillusionment with the liberal approach of the New Deal. |
| Hoovervilles | Derogatory name given the ramshackle communities built of paper boxes,rusty sheet metal & other refuse by people who were left homeless in the depression.These people tended to blame President Hoover for the depression and honored him this way. |
| Good Neighbor Policy | President Hoover's administration initiated a new approach to relations with other nations in the Western Hemisphere.This approach declared America's intention 2 disclaim the right 2 intervention pronounced in the Platt Amendment & the Roosevelt Corollary |
| John Nance Garner | Roosevelt's chief rival for the 1932 Democratic presidential election.He was Speaker of the House from Uvalde,Texas.He joined Roosevelt's ticket in 1932 & 1963 but retired in 1940 after disillusionment with the liberal approach of the New Deal. |
| Hoovervilles | Derogatory name given the ramshackle communities built of paper boxes,rusty sheet metal & other refuse by people who were left homeless in the depression.These people tended to blame President Hoover for the depression and honored him this way. |
| Charles Forbes | Veterans Bureau administrator who siphoned off millions of dollars for his own pocket from funds appropriated to build veterans hospitals.He was one of several in President Harding's Ohio Gang who were involved in the corruption. |
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