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25 postwar society
The American Nation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Charles Lindbergh | The first person to fly nonstop across the Atlantic Ocean, going from NY to Paris in 1927. His feat gave a major boost to commercial flying. He later was a spokesman for America First Committee. Died in 1974. |
| fundamentalism | Conservative, anti-Darwinian movement that rejected modern urban culture in early 20th cen. Found in larger numbers in the Baptist/ Methodist churches of South,viewed as boors/ hayseeds by sophisticated urbanites, devoted to literal meaning of K. J Bible. |
| David Stephenson | The leader of the Indiana KuKluxKlan in 1920s who was convicted of assaulting and causing death of a young woman. The adverse publicity coming from the case contributed to the demise of the Klan by 1930. |
| bohemian | Someone who adopts life of protesting against, indifference to, common conventions of society. Greenwich Village, NY city was an early 20th cen. retreat and home for American artists and intellectuals who follwed this lifestyle. |
| "Give me your tired, your poor" | Excerpt from poem "The American Colossus" displayed on pedestal of Statue of Liberty. Erected in 1886, was a welcoming beacon (tower w light) to immigrants to US. |
| anti-Semitism | Opposition to, hatred of, agitation against Jews. Distaste for immigrants from E. Europe, many Jews, expanded into general bigotry in US in 1920s. It often focused on resentment of perceived economic success of Jews. |
| Robert "Bobby" Jones | A Geogrian who ruled world of golf in 1920s. In 1930 he won amateur and open championships of both US and Great Britain. He died in 1971. |
| Birth of a Nation | Film produced by DW Griffith was important cinema breakthrough. It signaled a technological and artistic improvement in movie making and appealed to a mnore cultivated audience than earlier movies. The film was a sympathetic treatment of the Ku Klux Klan. |
| Harlem Renaissance | Harlem, New York in 1920s was largest black city in world and cultural capital of African Americans. A multitude of talented black artists and writers found an audience, both black and white, for their artistic & literary expressions of black pride etc. |
| Divin Creation | Religious fundamentalists in 1920s insisted only explanation of origion of human species was outlined in Bible. A Tennessee law to that effect was tested in 1924 Scopes trial when biology teacher John Scopes tried to teach a class on Darwinian evolution. |
| Sinclair Lewis | Minnesota native and most popular novelist of 1920s. He protrayed shallow ignorance and bigotry of small-town America in 'Main Street' and boorish boosterism of America's small businessman in Babbitt. Was first American novelist to win Nobel Prize. |
| jazz | Dominant music of 1920s. It was created by black musicians working in New Orleans before the turn of the century. White musicians and white audiences took to the new music, which became a force for racial tolerance and understanding. |
| speakeasy | With the coming of Prohibition, this establishment replaced the saloon. It was a supposedly "secret" bar or club that illegally served "bootleg" liquor. |
| eugenics | Science deals with "improvement" of hereditery qualities of a ppl. 1920s birth-control movement supported by ppl like Margaret Sanger, saw birth-control as way of "weeding-out" the "unfit" of population. Hitler held similar views of exterminating "unfit". |
| Ernest Hemingway | The most talented of America's expatriate writers in 1920s. His many books portrayed sense of life's meaninglessness and amorality of modern life. His simple, evocative style made him a legend in his own time. He committed suicide in 1961. |
| Universal Negro Improvement Association | Founded by black nationalist Marcus Garvey, this organization was popular with poor urban blacks. It advoated a "Back to Africa" movement and stimulated racial pride among African Americans. |
| Prohibition movement | Social reformers who succeeded in getting Congress to pass 18th Ammendment (1919) which banned manufacture, sale, transportation of alcoholic beverages in US. In effect, Prohibition reduced national consumption, but poorly enforced & evaded in cities. |
| "Elmer Gantry" | This Sinclair Lewis novel (1927) which focuses on the antics of a dishonest evangelist, was an assault on organized religion. |
| Clarence Darrow | A noted defense lawyer for radical causes who defended John Scopes's attorney in the "Monkey" trial 1924. His defense rested on exposing childlike faith and naivete of religious fundamentalists like William Jennings Bryan. |
| "Babe" Ruth (George Herman) | Baseball's most outstanding star in 1920s. He changed the gaame from a pitcher's duel to a hitter's game. He set a record for home runs in a season that stood for 35 years. |
| James F. "Jim" Thorpe | A Sac and Fox Indian who won several events in in 1912 Olympic Games, was a football all-American, & played professional baseball. He was US's greatest all-round athlete. Died in 1953. In 1999, US senate recognized Thorpe "Athlete of the Century". |
| nickelodeans | Early movie houses that were so named because admission cost a nickel. |
| Charlie Chaplin | The greatest film star of his era, perhaps the greatest comic artist of his time. His most comical and endearing character was "the little tramp." |
| Henry Louis Mencken | Writer affiliated with "Baltimore Sun"- leading cynic of 1920sculture. Started American Mercury magazine. Once ridiculed Puritanism: haunting fear someone, somewhere may be happy. D1956, suffering debilitating stroke. controversial diary published 1991) |
| Federal Communications Commission | A New Deal agency created in 1934 by Congress to regulate radio broadcasting. It could revoke the license of radio stations that failed to operate in the public interest. |
| Sacco and Vanzetti | Italian immigrants and anarchists arrested for murder, tried on basis of their radicalism and alien status, not facts of case. They were found guilty and executed. The case was a cause celebre (controversial case) among American liberals. |
| Langston Hughes | A black poet of the 1920s caught up in the Harlem Renaissance. |
| Alice Paul | The radical feminist who led the Women's party's campaign for equal-rights ammendment to the Constitution in 1920s. The ammendment finally passed Congress in 1972 but failed to gain ratification of the needed 38 states. |
| assembly line | Invented by Eli Whitney in 19th cen. this is a mass-production process in manufacturing, simplifies production by moving product along conveyor, worker repeating same task on each product. Identified with Henry Ford's revolutionizing automobile industry. |
| John B. Watson | A child-care expert and behavioral psychologist who advocated a strict upbringing for children. He expressed the view that children are made, not born, that they are shaped by the stimuli of their environment. |
| The Jazz Singer | The first talking movie. It was released in 1927 and starred Al Jolson. |
| companionate family | A family concept emerging in 1920s, in which husbands and wives dealt with each other as equals, sharing all family chores and responsibilities. Children in this setting were reared in a permissive atmosphere. |
| Austin Peay | The Democratic governor of Tennessee who signed into law the anti-Darwinist evolution bill, which was challend in the Scopes trial of 1925. |
| St. Valentine's Day Massacre | On Feb 14, 1929, Al Capone's gangsters, dressed in police uniforms, barged into a garage in Chicago, lined up members of George Moran gang and shot them. This was considered on of the most heinous crimes of its day. |
| Alphonse "Scarface Al" Capone | Chicago gangster born in Brooklyn, NY in 1889, who grew rich on the bootleg-liquor traffic during the Prohibition Era of 1920s. He was imprisoned for seven yrs for income tax evasion. Died in 1947 of complications from syphillis. |
| Edith Wharton | A memberof the New York aristocracy who wrote novels on marriage and manners in some ways reminiscent of Henry James. Her best known work was "The Age of Innocence". |
| Gertrude Ederle | Born in 1904, she was the first woman to swim the English Channel. She crossed the channel in record time, faster than the four men who had preceded her. |
| Gertrude Stein | A writer and revolutionary genius in Paris during the 1920s. She was a mentor of Ernest Hemingway. She coined the expression "there's no there there" to refer to a lack of substance. She died in 1946. |
| Margaret Sanger | The leading American proponent of birth control 1920s. Her publication/ distribution of birth-control literature violeated the anti-obscenity Comstock Act, which banned distribution of information about contraception from mails, but she persisted. D1966. |
| Scopes trial | Also called the "monkey trial" the 1924 trial was contest between modern liberalism and religious fundamentalism. John T. Scopes was on trial for teaching Darwinian evolution in defiance of a Tennessee law. He was found guilty and fined $100. |
| Henry Ford | Person responsible for American automobile industry growth. Insights were to lower car price to make available to mass market, pay good wages to get high production from employees. He was a Michigan Democrat who failed in a bid for the US Senate in 1918. |
| lost generation | Bright young generation of artists and writers, disillusioned by WWI, became critics of modern society's manners, morals, materialism. Many Americans among them became expatriates, leaving US to live in Europe. |
| F. Scott Fitzergald | Author who symbolized the "lost generation" of American writers in the 1920s. Among other novels, he wrote The Great Gatsby and Tender Is The Night. He died in 1940 in depth of alcoholism. |
| Middletown study | A sociological study of small-town America (Muncie, Indiana) in the 1920s. Among other things, the study exposed the pervasive racism and segregation in northern towns. |
| National Origins Act | Passed in 1924, legistlated represented the culmination of immigration restriction laws in 1920s that established quota system to regulate immigrant influx to US. System heavily favored British, N. Europe, while restricting the "new" S. & E. Europe. |
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