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history-post WW1
history-russia
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| czar/tsar | Russian ruler/emperor |
| emancipation | the fact or process of being set free from legal, social, or political restrictions |
| Duma | a legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics of the former Soviet Union |
| abdicate | leave the throne |
| provisional government | -consisted of middle-class Duma reps. -urged the czar to step down -headed by Aleksandr Kerensky |
| Alexander Kerensky | head of provisional government |
| October (November) Revolution | Bolsheviks seized Winter Palace and overthrew government |
| Bolsheviks | communist majority faction of the Russian social Democratic workers party |
| Mensheviks | a member of the non-Leninist wing of the Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party, opposed to the Bolsheviks and defeated by them after the overthrow of the tsar in 1917 |
| Cheka | an organization under the Soviet regime for the investigation of counter-revolutionary activities |
| Politboro | the principal policymaking committee of a Communist Party |
| Great Purge | -purged army officers, diplomats, union officials, intellectuals, and ordinary citizens -8 million arrested -millions sent to labor camps |
| Gulag | a system of labor camps maintained in the former Soviet Union from 1930 to 1955 in which many people died |
| Treaty of Versailles | ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers |
| OVRA | secret police of Italy |
| depression | a long and severe recession in an economy or market |
| inflation/hyperinflation | a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money |
| Aryan ("master race") | term used to identify people speaking Indo-European languages -Nazis misused it by treating it as a racial designation and identifying the Aryans with the ancient Greeks and Romans and 20th century Germans and Scandinavians |
| Alexander II | -came to power during Crimean War -emancipated the serfs -opposed movements for political reforms -was assassinated |
| Alexander III | -reversed his son's reforms -secret police and censorship -russification -persecuted the Jews (pogroms) |
| pogroms | an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europ |
| Nicholas was ____ to rule | unprepared |
| what problems did he have? | -governing was not his strong point -had very little knowledge -was not interested in Russia nor politics |
| 1898 Coronation | -large festival with free food, free beer, and souvenirs -was held in a field outside Moscow |
| what would the 1896 Coronation come to be known as? | Khodynka Tragedy |
| why was the Russo-Japanese War fought? | Russia wanted a warm-water port...accessible all year round |
| what was the port Russia wanted? | Port Arthur |
| what was the end result? | -Japan attacked Russia before formally declaring war -easy victory for Japan |
| who led the peace treaty negotiations? | Teddy Roosevelt |
| Bloody Sunday | -Russian workers led by Father Gapon were to present a petition to the tsar -several hundred were killed/injured |
| what was the situation concerning Nicholas II's son? | -had hemophilia -royal family did not share news about son's illness |
| Grigori Rasputin | -invited to heal Alexei -"Spala Miracle" -reputation as womanizer and drunk -created problems for tsar -advisor to tsarina |
| what problems did Rasputin create? | -persuaded the tsar to take control of the army -filled government posts with friends -disputes with clergy -took charge with almost all aspects of gov |
| Russia's role in WW1 | -member of Triple Entente -greatly unprepared for war |
| Nicholas II's role in WW1 | commander-in-chief after dismissing his cousin from that position |
| who was left to rule the country? | Tsarina Alexandra |
| what type of relationship did the Duma and Nicholas have during WW1? | -the Duma was calling for political reforms -Nicholas was begged to grant a constitution and government responsible to the Duma...he refused |
| what were some problems going on in Russia? | -inflation was out of control -shortages of food and fuel -gov. became more autocratic and restrictive -strikes and rebellions were rampant |
| how was Rasputin killed? | -lured to mansion in promise of a party -ate food and wine filled with cyanide, did not react -shot at close range, but revived and attempted to escape -shot again, beaten, bound, thrown into river -drowned |
| March Revolution | -working class women led a series of strikes -before that, gov. started bread rationing -soldiers sent to suppress them, ended up joining |
| what led up to the November 1917 revolution? | Kerensky made the mistake of continuing the war for the sake of Russia's honor |
| what did the Duma establish? | provisional government |
| why did Lenin come to Russia? | he believed that the Bolsheviks could rise to power |
| what did the Bolsheviks promise? | -end to the war -redistribute all land to the peasants -transfer factories/industries from capitalists to committees of workers -transfer gov. power to soviets |
| what did the Bolsheviks then do? | they seized the Winter Palace, which was the seat of the provisional gov. |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovisk | -because they dropped out of war -signed with Germany -gave up eastern Poland, Ukraine, Finland, Baltic provinces |
| Russian Civil War | -Reds (Bolsheviks) vs. Whites (Mensheviks) -Bolsheviks victory |
| who were opposed to the new Bolshevik gov? | -groups loyal to tzar -liberals -anti-Leninist socialists |
| Whites | -political differences created distrust -some insisted on restoring the czarist regime, others wanted a more liberal and democratic program |
| why were the Reds successful? | -war communism -Cheka -Russian patriotism |
| NEP | -modified version of old capitalist system -peasants were allowed to sell their produce openly -retail stores/small industries could be privately owned/operated -heavy industries, banking, mines=in hands of gov. -saved the USSR from economic disaster |
| when Lenin died, there was a struggle for power between... | the seven members of the Politboro |
| Politboro | Communist Party's main policy-making body |
| group led by Kerensky wanted.. | -end the NEP -launch Russia on a path of rapid industrialization, at expense of the peasants -wanted to spread communism abroad -believed revolution in Russia would not survive without other communist states |
| another group wanted... | -rejected idea of worldwide communist revolution -wanted to focus on building a socialist state in Russia -continue NEP -believed rapid industrialization would harm living standards of Soviet peasants |
| Five Year Plans | -set economic goals for five-year periods -purpose was to transform Russia from agricultural into an industrial country -emphasized production of military equipment and capital goods |
| Stalin | -established powerful dictatorship -removed Bolsheviks from power -end NEP -Five Year Plans -collectivization |
| collectivization | system in which private farms were eliminated, the gov. owned all of the land and the peasants worked it |
| what led to widespread famine? | hoarding food and killing livestock, STALINS COLLECTIVIZATION |
| what was Stalin's one concession? | each collective farm worker could have one tiny, privately owned garden plot |
| Karl Marx's communist ideas | -utopian society must be classless and stateless -free the lower class from poverty+give them a fighting chance -in order to liberate lower class, gov. should control all means of production one could outdo anyone else by making more money |
| Karl Marx's communist ideas 2 | -revolution must take place to overthrow gov. -dictator must take control |
| (earlier) Stalin was sppointed what position by Lenin? | General Secretary of the Communist Party |
| explain Stalin's slogan "Socialism in one country" | he concentrated on strengthening the Soviet Union rather than world revolution |
| what happens to Leon Trotsky? | he was exiled because he opposed Stalin's plan |
| why does Stalin want the Soviet Union to modernize? | he is afraid that communism will fail and the country will be destroyed by its capitalist neighbors |
| totalitarian state | the government aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens |
| how did totalitarian regimes achieve the goal of conquering the minds and hearts of their subjects? | -mass propaganda -high-speed modern communication |
| what was the situation like in Italy prior to Mussolini's rise to power? | -inflation grew -industrial and agricultural workers staged strikes -socialists spoke of revolution -middle class began to fear a communist takeover |
| fascism | glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictatorial ruler |
| how did Mussolini rise to power? | -fear of socialism, communism, and disorder made fascism attractive -Italians were angry over the peace settlement (did not receive more land) -nationalistic appeals |
| methods used by Mussolini | -laws made by decree -police had unrestricted authority -outlawed other political parties -established secret police -exercised control over mass media -used organizations such as Fascist Youth Groups -made deal with Catholic Church to get support |
| what were Hitler's core ideas? | racism and anti-Semitism |
| Mein Kampf | -links anti-Semitism, anticommunism, and nationalism by a Social Darwinian Theory of struggle -theory emphasizes the right of superior nations to lebensraum through expansion -upholds the right of superior individuals to gain authoritarian leadership |
| Enabling Act | -law gave the government the power to ignore the constitution for 4 years while it issued laws to deal with the country's problems -have Hitler's actions a legal basis |
| Nuremburg Laws | -excluded Jews from German citizenship -stripped Jews of their civil rights -forbade marriages between Jews and Germans -could not teach for take part in the arts -required to wear stars of David |
| Kristallnacht | -destructive rampage -Nazis burned synagogues -destroyed 7,000 Jewish businesses -30,000 Jewish males were rounded up and sent to concentration camps |
| Kristallnacht led to.. | -Jews were barred from all public transportation and public buildings, including schools and hospitals -prohibited from owning, managing, or working in any retail store -forced to clean up debris and damage from Kristallnacht |
| The Nazi goals... | -the development of an Aryan racial state that would dominate the world for generations to come -create 3rd Reich |
| role of the SS | -important force for maintaining order -controlled secret/regular police -further Aryan race |
| women and youth | -women=bearer of children -children will be triumph of Aryan race -jobs included nursing and social work |
| Nuremburg Rallies | -held every September -evoked mass enthusiasm and excitement |
Created by:
amandathornton
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