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Biology One
Section 1 Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nonpolar Amino Acids | PGVIPMALT proline, glycine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalalanine, methionine, leucine, tryptophan |
| Positive Feedback | a downstream product returns to activate an earlier enzyme (occurs less often than negative feedback) |
| Secondary Structure | *patterns of hydrogen bonds bewteen backbone amide (H) and carboxyl (O) groups |
| Alpha Helix | *usu right handed helix that twists clockwise & makes a complete turn every 3.6 AA |
| Polar Amino Acids | CTTAGS cysteine, threonine, tyrosine, asparagine, glutamine, serine |
| Denaturing Agents and Forces Disrupted | *urea - hydrogen bonds |
| Acidic Amino Acids | *glutamic acid (glutamate) |
| Denaturation | *when protein conformation is disrupted & protein loses most 2º, 3º, 4º structure, not 1º bc covalent bonds |
| Quaternary Structure | *formed when 2 or more polypeptide chains bind together, each referred to as a subunit |
| Movement of Products of Glycolysis to the Matrix | *outer mito mem: permeable to sm molecules & both pyruvate & NADH pass via facilitated diffusion through porin, a lg membrane protein |
| Residue | each amino acid in a polypeptide chain |
| Amylospectin | form of starch that resembles glycogen but has a different branching structure |
| Fatty Acids | *long chains of carbons (usu even #, 24 max in humans) truncated at one end by a carboxylic acid |
| Glycoproteins | proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached that are a component of cellular plasma membrane |
| Glycolipid | *amphipathic lipids with one or more carbs attached |
| Kreb's Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | *each turn produces: 1 ATP (via substrate level phosphorylation), 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 |
| Hydrogen Bond | *intermolecular force that allows H2O to maintain a liquid state in cellular environment (most cpds as light as H2O would be gas at high body temp, 37ºC/98.6ºF |
| How do most cell absorb glucose? | facilitated diffusion |
| Steroids | *4-ringed lipids |
| Liver and Glucose | the liver regulates the blood glucose level so liver cells are one of few cell types capable of reforming glucose form glycogen and releasing it back into the bloodstream |
| Negative Feedback | *when a product downstream in a reaction series comes back and inhibits enzymatic activity in an earlier reaction |
| Substrate Level Phosphorylation | formation of ATP from ADP & inorganic phosphate using the energy form the decay of high energy phosphorylated compounds as opposed to the energy from diffusion |
| Positive Cooperativity | the first substrate to bind changes the shape of the enzyme allowing other substrates to bind more easily |
| Amylose | form of starch that is an isomer of cellulose and may be branched or unbranched and has the same alpha-linkages as glycogen |
| Zymogen | *proenzyme |
| Steps of the CAC | OXALOACETATE (+acetyl CoA) → CITRATE → ISOCITRATE → (CO2, NAD+→NADH) α-KETOGLUTARATE → (CO2, NAD+→NADH) SUCCINYL CoA → (GDP→GTP) SUCCINATE → (FAD → FADH2) FUMARATE → MALATE → (NAD+→NADH) *repeat |
| Irreversible Inhibitor | bind covalently (a few noncovalently) to enzymes and disrupt their function, tending to be highly toxic |
| Nucleic Acid | polymer of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3rd carbon of the pentose in the other nucleotide (DNA, RNA) |
| Acetyl CoA | *coenzyme |
| Reaction Rate and pH | enzymes function within specific pH ranges and denature when the pH is too far from the optimal pH (graph is like a normal curve) |
| Michaelis Constant (Km) | *the substrate concentration at which the reaction rate is equal to 1/2 Vmax |
| Starch | *carbohydrate polymer for storage in plants |
| Phosphatase | an enzyme which dephosphorylates something |
| Saturation Kinetics | *as relative concentration of substrate increases, the rate of rx also increases, but to a lesser and lesser degree until a max rate (Vmax) is reached |
| Prosthetic Groups | coenzyme that remains covalently bound to the enzyme throughout the reaction and emerges unchanged (e.g. heme) |
| Globular Tubulin | polymerizes under the right conditions to become a structure protein and makes up microtubules, the component of eukaryotic flagella and cilia |
| Primary Structure | number and sequence of amino acids, including the locations of disulfide bonds between cysteines |
Created by:
rstones
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