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Civil Rights
US History Review from 1877-present day
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction | period after the Civil War in which the government tried to bring southern states back into the Union, with federal assistance to former slaves |
| Civil Rights Act 1868 | passed to protect the rights of newly freed slaves |
| 13th Amendment | abolished slavery |
| 14th Amendment | granted citizenship to anyone born or naturalized in the US; granted due process of the law and equal protection to all |
| 15th Amendment | protects the right of all men to vote, regardless of race or ethnicity |
| Ku Klux Klan | organized in 1866 as a reaction of southern whites to Reconstruction; proposed White Supremacy and anti-immigrant policies; threatened violence to African Americans & white supporters |
| Lynching | hangings carried out by KKK mobs to intimidate African Americans & other minorities |
| Jim Crow Laws | laws passed by southern states to promote segregation of races |
| Disenfranchisement | the prevention of African Americans from voting |
| Poll Taxes | taxes required to vote to prevent African Americans from registering to vote |
| Literacy Tests | tests designed to prevent poor and illiterate African Americans from voting; whites were "grandfathered in" |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson | 1896 Supreme Court ruling that "separate but equal" facilities for whites and blacks was constitutional; used to justify Jim Crow segregation laws |
| League of United Latin American Citizens | LULAC was an advocacy group that fought in court to ensure Hispanics were allowed to attend schools and serve on juries |
| FDR Executive Order 8802 | FDR ordered the federal govt. not to discriminate in the hiring of minorities after planned marches by A. Philip Randolph |
| Truman Executive Order 9981 | President Harry Truman ordered the armed forces be desegregated following their double V campaign in WWII |
| Brown vs. Board of Education | 1954 Supreme Court case that overturned segregation in schools from Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling |
| Roy Benavidez | 1st Latino Congressional of Honor winner |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | 1955-56 boycott led by Martin Luther King following the protest of Rosa Parks against Alabama bus policies |
| Southern Manifesto | 1956 document by southern congressmen expressing opposition to racial integration of public places |
| Little Rock 9 | in 1957, 9 African Americans who were prevented from attending Arkansas school; President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to protect them and force desegregation |
| civil disobedience | practice of non-violent resistance used by Martin Luther King Jr., such as boycotts, sit-ins, and marches |
| Freedom Rides | interracial groups who rode buses into the south to force desegregation on public transportation; they risked death |
| George Wallace | Alabama governor who opposed desegregation of schools |
| affirmative action | programs by the govt. to increase minority representation in colleges and businesses |
| California vs. Bakke | Supreme Court approved affirmative action, but not racial quotas |
| Civil Rights Act 1964 | law that prohibited discrimination based on race, religion, or ethnicity in hotels, restaurants, and other public places |
| Voting Rights Act |
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