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American History
Final Review
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Reasons why Europeans explored the world | to search for trade routes to Asia, slave labor, gold, and colonies |
Virginia colony city | Jamestown |
Plymouth | Pilgrims and Mayflower |
Pennsylvania | Home of the Quakers seeking religious freedom |
English colonists belief | right to govern themselves, valued education, religion, and work |
Indentured servant | someone who contracts to work for a colonist for a certain number of years in exchange for food, clothing, shelter, and transportation to the colonies |
Middle passage | often a deadly voyage for African Americans across the Atlantic Ocean |
John Locke | an Enlightenment thinker who believed that some revolution against the King was okay. Believed that all people have rights and that society can be improved. |
Causes of the French Indian War | both Britain and France wanted the Ohio River Valley |
Results of the French Indian War | no French power in North America & the want for the colonies to join together |
British: Sugar Act | colonies said, "no taxation without representation" |
British: Stamp Act (tax on printed materials) | colonies (Sons of Liberty) began the Townshead Act-tax on imports-and began to organize against the British |
Declaration of Independence | a document created by Continental Congress in 1776 saying that the 13 colonies were now independent from Britian |
Strengths/Weaknesses of Colonists v. British | Colonists: poor army British: well trained, big army |
Lexington and Concord | Paul Revere warned, "The British are coming!" The British attacked Concord's supply depot-US won |
Bunker Hill | US on the hill, British attacked. "Don't shoot until you see the whites of their eyes." Battle ended as a tie. |
Trenton | Washington crossed the Delaware River and attacked the British-US won |
Saratoga | British: Burgoyne & Iroquois US: Benedict Arnold US won |
Yorktown | British: Cornwallis & Benedict Arnold (traitor) US: Washington US won and the war ended |
Weakness of the Articles of Confederation | Could not impose taxes or regulate trade |
Writing the Constitution | Plan=The Great Compromise |
Federalists v. Anti-Federalists | Federalists: used the Constitution to form the government Anti-Federalists: opposed the Constitution |
3 branches of government | legislative, executive, judicial |
System of Checks and Balances | stopped any one branch of government from getting too much power |
Bill of Rights | summary of fundamental rights and privileges guaranteed to people |
Hamilton v. Jefferson | Hamilton: Federalist, wanted a strong federal government Jefferson: Democratic-Republican, supported farmers |
George Washington | 1st President, served 2 terms, wanted the US to stay neutral in world affairs so they could avoid war |
Lousiana Purchase | land deal between France and the US-US got muck land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million |
Causes of the War of 1812 | trade restrictions, British taking American cargoes, and Britain taking American soldiers into their Navy by force |
Results of the War of 1812 | Andrew Jackson became a hero and the feeling of nationalism (pride in US) became very strong |
1812: Ft. McHenry | Francis Scott Key wrote the poem that inspired the "Star Spangled Banner" |
1812: New Orleans | Jackson defended New Orleans against the British |
Tariff | a tax on imported or exported goods |
Sectionalism | being more concerned with your own region or area than the country/nation as a whole |
Monroe Doctrine | said that Europe could no longer settle in the US or interfere with the US |
New Transportation | roads and turnpikes were created and steamboats made river travel easier |
Industrial Revolution/Manufacturing in New England | large machines, factories, and the system of interchangeable parts made work faster and easier. Textile (clothing) mills were popular in New England |
Slavery in the South | Slavery was popular in the south because there were many cotton plantations and tobacco farms for slaves to work on |
Indian removal | Jackson's plan to give money native Americans for moving to reservations |
Andrew Jackson | president people could relate to because he stood for federal authority |
Spoils system | replacing government employees with workers who supported the winning candidate |
Whig party | formed to oppose Jackson and his party (William Henry Harrison and John Tayler |
Immigration | German and Irish immigrants traveled to the US looking for new lives and freedom |
Nativism | hostility (bad feelings) toward immigrants |
Women's Movement | women wanted more involvement in society and politics-not just stay at home with the kids |
Temperance | no alochol |
Abolitionists | people who wanted to end slavery |
Manifest Destiny | destiny of America to spread from coast to coast |
Causes of Mexican-American War | Annexation of Texan and dispute over the border with Texas |
Effects of Mexican-American War | Mexico gave 500,000 miles of territory to US which made the Manifest Destiny (US now went from ocean to ocean) |
Fugitive Slave Act | African Americans could be returned to owners-$10.00 if witness sided with slave owner, $5 for siding with slave |
Kansas Nebraska Act | allowed people in territories to decide if they wanted slavery-repealed Missouri Compromise |
Election of Abraham Lincoln | this event begins the secession of the southern states |
Strengths of North during Civil War | strong navy, large population, manufacturing, railroads |
Strengths of South during Civil War | trained officers, fighting on own land |
Weakness of South during Civil War | had no funding for war |
Eastern theater of Civil War | 7 Days Battle and Battle of Bull Run were here |
Western theater | Shiloh and Murfreesboro |
Total War | Sherman totally destroyed all things-totally destroyed roads, town, people's things |
Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln freed slaves in states at war with the union |
Lincoln and Constitution | 13th Amendment banned slavery |
Reconstruction | Rebuilding after the Civil War |
Radical Republicans | Wanted to revolutionize Southern institutions, habits and manners. They were against Lincoln. |
Black Codes | Laws passed in South after Civil War to limit the rights of African Americans |
Sharecropping | Work for equipment and food instead of money |
end of reconstruction | During this time the following things happened; economic depression, loss of Republican seats in the House, election of Hayes |
Homestead act | 160 acres and a title for the land after 5 years-encouraged settlers to move west |
Transcontinental Railroad | Union Pacific and Central Railroads joined on May 10, 1869, at Promontory summit, Utah-many Irish and Chinese worked on it, took 4 years |
Conflicts with Native Americans | settlers moved onto their lands, Dakota uprising, Battle of Little Bighorn |
Laissez Faire | let the people do as they chose, government should not interfere |
2nd Industrial Revolution | big jump in technology at the end of the 1800s (19th century) this is when telegraph, railroads, gas lines, water lines, sewer, and electrical lines were added |
Trusts | a group of companies form this to reduce competition |
Unions | used by workers to bargain for higher wages and better working hours-companies don't like unions |
Urbanization | Rapid growth of urban areas, people moving to cities, US became more urban than rural after Civil War |
Jim Crow Laws | laws that enforced discrimination |
Political machines | a political group who tried to keep power by giving city people the services they need in exchange for votes |
Political reforms | attempted to make the government more responsive to citizens needs resulted in use of direct primaries, initiatives, and referendums |
Muckrakers | journalists who investigated bad social conditions and political corruption |
Because of the strength of the federal government resulting from the progressive movement | the people expected the federal government to solve social problems and regulated the economy |
Successes of the progressive movement | eliminated child labor, federal government monitored business |
Failure of the progressive movement | did not address racial and religious discrimination |
Causes of the Spanish-American War | yellow journalist, cuban struggles against Spain, US wants more colonies |
Open door policy | increased American Trade, allowed all countries to trade with China |
"Big Stick" Diplomacy | Negotiate by speaking nicely but always using military threat in the background |
MAIN causes of WWI | Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism |
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand | killed while in Bosnia by a Bosnian Revolutionary-started WWI |
Trench warfare | both sides dig trenches, used barbed wire between sides and machine guns to shoot soldiers leaving the trenches |
US Homefront | increased food production (victory gardens), conserved energy, bonds sold to raise money for war, workers cooperated |
Espionage Acts | 1917-made it illegal to aid the enemy, give false information, or interfere with war |
Sedition Acts | 1917-made it illegal to speak against the war publicly, could not criticize government |
US didn't like bolsheviks because | they opposed capitalism |
End of WWI happened when | Germans retreated after the Battle of Argonne, Revolution and independence in Austria-Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, German navy quit, German emperor quit. |
Failures of the Versailles Treaty | Poland and Czechoslovakia made up mostly of Germans, no free seas or trade, colonies still existed, punished Germans severly |
13th Amendment | abolished slavery |
14th Amendment | all people born or naturalized are US citizens (former slaves) |
15th Amendment | African American males have the right to vote |
16th Amendment | Right to have income |
17th Amendment | direct election of citizens |
18th Amendment | banned alcohol (prohibition) |
19th Amendment | Women's right to vote |
Marbury v. Madison | allowed the supreme court to declare laws unconstitutional |
Dred Scott | African Americans were not citizens and could not sue, slavery could not be regulated in territories |
Plessy v. Ferguson | States could segregate |