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us final exam review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| william james | creator of pramatism (way of finding truth from finding out what is practical) |
| upton sinclair | wrote The Jungle, opposed meat packing industry, influenced Teddy Roosevelt, socialist ideas, muckracker |
| alfred thayer mahan | captain, wrote The Influences of Sea Power Upon History, economic future based on getting new markets abroad, need powerful navy |
| liliuokalani | Queen of Hawaii, nationalist, opposed US control of islands and wanted to reduce control of foreign merchants |
| sanford b. dole | Booted Queen Lil from thrown, ruled the republic of Hawaii, US support, pineapple planter |
| rudyard kipling | poet, The White Man's Burden, British |
| william mckinley | wanted to annex Philippians, assassinated by crazy man, supported annexation of Hawaii, supported tariff and gold standard, |
| william randolph hearst | took control of The San Francisco Examiner newspaper, then served in house of rep, owned 28 newspaper co. 18 magazines and a few radio stations, newspaper in NY= daily mirror,used yellow journalism to stir up sentiment in favor of the Spanish American war |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Mckinley’s VP, intervene in countries that were either a strategic or economic Interest, fought trusts, Panama Canal, new nationalism,Big Stick Diplomacy, assistant sec of navy, rough riders=volunteer |
| emilio aguinaldo | Philippines, rebel leader , declared the philipians a republic |
| william h. taft | dollar diplomacy to expand foreign investments, he was progressive and imperialistic, famous for firing Pinchot. Continued progressive reforms of Teddy |
| woodrow wilson | Missionary diplomacy (tell other countries of democracy), sent troops to Mexico, clayton act, income tax, and Federal Reserve Act. Tried to keep US out of WW1 and promoted League of Nations, 14 points |
| pancho villa | raided New Mexico and was from Mexico. Was a peasant rebel that opposed Carranza and gathered arms in stronghold of North Mexico. Raided Americans on border. Black jack pershing pursued him |
| jeanette rankin | from Montana, h. of reps, voted against House War Resolution. First woman elected to congress |
| florence kelley | opposed child labor with a boycott and worked for worker safety |
| alice paul | wanted women's suffrage rights, she was very radical (Congressional Union) |
| carrie chapman catt | NAWSA, not radical, wanted women's rights |
| robert m. la follete | Wisconsin governor, political reform, established Wisconsin Idea and wanted direct primary, fighting Bob, welfare reforms ousted party bosses |
| eddie rickenbacker | ace that shot down 26 german planes |
| alvin york | Congressional Medal of honor for bravery in WW1(Meuse-Argonne offensive) continued attack alone. Also received croix de Guerre. Caught 100 Germans and killed 25 |
| george creel | denver journalist former muckraker, head of Committee on Public Info. Posters and short films advertising recruitment and Liberty Bonds |
| edward bellamy | newspaper editor, published book, Looking Backward -> boston man wakes up in 2000 and the world is a Utopia where govt controls big business-socialist ideas(nationalize trusts) |
| gifford pinchot | appt. by T. Roosevelt -> head of US foresting service, Pinchot wanted to make a water/land policy (preservation and development) based on Science;,later fired by Taft for accusing Ballinger of selling(letting tem obtain it?) Alaskan land illegally |
| eugene v. debs | Labor leader, ran 5 times for pres. Under socialist party, argued that World War 1 was between imperialistic capitalists and workers had no effect on the outcome |
| walter reed | found a cure for yellow fever or some disease like that….wasnt in the book…or I couldn’t find it! |
| henry cabot lodge | Mass. Senator, Chair of foreign relations Committee lead reservationists= accepted League of Nations, but wanted restrictions and wanted Monroe Doc. to stay in force. |
| the Maine | exploded and killed 250 soldiers, probably from accidental fire, Americans blamed Spain. Remember the maine, down with spain |
| the Lusitania | British passenger liner carrying weapons and US citizens, sunk by German U-boat |
| Platt Amendment | added to Cuban const.: Cuban govt could not enter any foreign agreements, must allow US to have a naval base there,must allow US to intervene in Cuba when needed. Cuba reluctantly agreed, US only intervened twice. |
| roosevelt corollary | addition to the Monroe Doctrine, corollary=extension of a previous idea, T. Roosevelt denies we want anymore land. |
| open door policy | Hays(sec. of state of McKinley) wanted to make sure US had equal access to China’s consumers, open trade |
| hepburn act | authorized Interstate Commerce Committee to regulate railroad rates.ICC went from being weak to being strong (Roosevelt) |
| clayton act | AKA Clayton Anti-trust Act- pretty much said all trusts were bad. Was big under Woodrow Wilson, stopped companies from certain activities like offering specific types of rebates |
| newlands act | AKA national Reclamation Act , sold public land to fund irrigation projects and dam construction, profitable farming in the west |
| federal reserve act | created Fed. Reserve System of government banks to supervise private banks and provide more flexible money supplies |
| de Lome letter | letter stolen from Spanish ambassador, published in US newspapers. Described mckinley as week and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd |
| Zimmerman note | intercepted German telegram, Zimmerman (germans foreign sec) made secret offer to Mexico. If mex. Declare war on US, it would get S.E American land |
| charles lindbergh | Aviator who became an international hero when he made the first solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean (NYàParis), 32.5 hours, “Lucky Lindy,” plane- Spirit of St. Louis, prize of $25,000 |
| james weldon johnson | leading writer of Harlem group, executive secretary of NAACP, most famous work- God’s Trombones (collection of sermons) |
| edward hopper | 20’s painter, showed nation’s rougher side, took “pulse of American lie” |
| john t. scopes | science teacher in TN, agreed to challenge ban on teaching of evolution as unconstitutionalàScopes Trial |
| william jennings bryan | advocate of silver standard and proponent of Democratic and Populist views from the 1890’s-1910’s; Democratic candidate for President in 1896, 1900, and 1908, helped prosecute Scopes |
| marcus garvey | African American leader from 1919 to 1926 who urged African Americans to return to their “motherland” of Africa; provided early inspiration for “black pride” movements |
| sacco & vanzetti | immigrants and anarchists tried and sentenced to death, in a highly controversial case, for a 1920 murder at a Massachusetts factory |
| calvin coolidge | 30th President of the US 1923-1929; promoted big business and opposed social aid; laissez faire, Kellogg-briand pact- 15 nations pledged not to use the threat of war in dealings with one another, chose not to run for President in 1928 election |
| andrew mellon | one of the nation’s most powerful businessmen, became Harding’s Treasury Secretary, shaped economic policies of the 1920’s |
| henry ford | pioneering auto manufacturer in the early 1900’s; made affordable cars for the masses using assembly line and other production techniques |
| harry hopkins | former settlement worker, friend and advisor to Roosevelt, directed Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)- public works programsàCivil Works Administration (CWA) |
| eleanor roosevelt | first lady 1933-1945; tireless worker for social causes, including women’s rights and civil rights for African Americans and other groups |
| frankin d. roosevelt | 32nd president, 1933-1945; fought the Great Depression through his New Deal social programs; battled Congress over Supreme Court control; proved a strong leader during WWII |
| john maynard keynes | British economist who believed that gov’t spending could help a faltering economy; his theories helped shape New Deal legislation |
| herbert hoover | 31st president, 1929-1933; worked to aid Europeans during WWI; responded ineffectively to 1929 stock market crash and Great Depression |
| huey long | Louisiana politician in 1930’s; suggested redistributing large fortunes by means of grants to families; assassinated in 1935 |
| john l. lewis | head of United Mine Workers through WWII; used strikes during war to win pay raises |
| john steinbeck | The Grapes of Wrath- Dust Bowl victims who move to California in search of a better life |
| louis armstrong | jazz musician famous for long trumpet solos and “scat” singing |
| al capone | most notorious of gangster org. in Chicago, “Scarface,” bought cooperation of police and city officials, FBI headed by J. Edgar Hoover became force against organized crime, avoided charges til 1931 when a federal court convicted him of income tax evasion |
| charles coughlin | “Radio Priest” who supported and then attacked President Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal; prevented by the Catholic Church from broadcasting after he praised Hitler |
| teapot dome | scandal during Harding administration involving the granting of oil-drilling rights on gov’t land in return for money |
| normalcy | the quality or condition of being normal, as the general economic, political, and social conditions of a nation; normality |
| palmer raids | bombing of several cities, A. Mitchell Palmer’s house bombed- Attorney Generalàcampaign to identify and root out groups who posed a danger to the country (subversives-people trying to overthrow the gov’t) |
| scottsboro boys | nine black boys riding the rails arrested and accused of raping two white women on a train, no chance to hire a lawyer, 8/9 convicted and sentenced to deathàoverturned, 4 spent many years in jail |
| the Bonus army | a group of WWI veterans and their families who protested in Washington DC, in 1932, demanding immediate payment of a pension bonus that had been promised for 1945 |
| american liberty league | organization founded in 1934 in opposition to the New Deal |
| the Wagner Act | law passed in 1935 that aided unions by legalizing collective bargaining and closed shops, and by establishing the National Labor Relations Board |
| Federal Securities Act | May 1933, required companies to provide information about their finances if they offered stock for sale |
| Works Progress Administration (WPA) | provided work for more than 8 million citizens, built or improved tens of thousands of playgrounds, schools, hospitals, and airfields, supported the creative work of many artists and writers |
| National Recovery Administration | balance unstable economy through industry wide codes to spell out fair business practices, regulate wages, restrain wage competition, controll working conditions, production, and prices, set minimum wage, gave organized labor collective bargaining rights |
| Federal Emergency Relief Administration | sent funds to overburdened local relief agencies, directed by Harry Hopkins, put money into public work programs (CWA, CCC) |
| Adolf Hitler | started the national socialist workers party later became known as the NAZI |
| Joseph Stalin | leader of the Soviet Union |
| Winston Churchill | leader of great Britain before and during WWII, powerful speechmaker |
| Frankin D. Roosevelt | president who fought the great depression with the new deal programs and proved to be a strong leader during the war |
| "Rosie the Riveter" | the name given to women who went to work while the men were away during WWII |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | leader of the war in Europe appointed by Roosevelt himself |
| George Marshall | army chief of staff during ww2 and secretary of state under Truman, assisted economic recovery in Europe after the war and established strong allies under the Marshall Plan |
| Harry Truman | president of the US authorized the use of the atomic bomb he also signed the marshall plan to rebuild Europe. |
| Douglas MacArthur | united states general during the grat depression WWII and the Korean war forced by Truman to resign |
| Henry Kaiser | introduced mass production techniques into ship building and cut the time it took to build a ship by a lot the name of these ships were liberty ships |
| A. Philip Randolph | civil rights activist who planned the march on Washington and pressured FDR to open up defense jobs to blacks during WWII |
| George Kennan | a top American diplomat stationed in Moscow analyzed soviet behavior and policy, later the American policy Containment emerged from his conclusions |
| Mao Zedong | leader of Communist Party in china |
| Alger Hiss | investigated for being a possible communist spy charges with perjury |
| the Rosenburgs | husband and wife convicted and executed for passing atomic info to the soviet union |
| Joseph McCarthy | led a crusade to investigate officials he claimed were communist |
| John Foster Dulles | harsh anti-communist who considered winning the cold war a moral crusade, he called for a policy that would roll back communism where it had already take hold (very extreme) |
| William J. Levitt | built new communities in the suburbs using mass production methods |
| Billy Graham | evangelist and presidential advisor known for leading religious rallies and crusades |
| Dr. Benjamin Spock | "the common sense of baby and child" care encouraged mothers to stay home with children instead of work |
| Elvis Presley | one of the best known singers of rock and roll |
| Jack Kerouac | considered the leader of the beat generation he published "on the road" |
| Lend-Lease Act | law that authorized the president the right to aid any nation whose defense he believed to be vital to American security |
| the "four freedoms" | freedom of speech freedom of religion freedom of want and the freedom from fear |
| Zoot suit riots | name came from Mexican Americans that wore an outfit called the Zoot Suit , sailors roamed the streets from the zoot sutiers and would beat them up, it turned into a riot and the mex amer were blamed for the violence |
| Neutrality Acts | laws designed to keep the US out of future wars |
| Battle of Stalingrad | the red army wanted control of Stalingrad, the Germans began a campaign of firebombing that lasted 2 months |
| D-Day Invasion | US troops invaded the French shores of Normandy |
| Battle of the Bulge | battle in which the Germans launched a final counterattack In the west |
| Battle of Midway | US v. Japan, turning point of the war in the pacific gave the Us control of the pacific |
| Battle of Guadalcanal | Battle between the united states and Japan, Jap advance was finally stopped fought mostly on land |
| Battle of Okinawa | WWII battle between the united states and Japan, final land battle of the Pacific war, American victory |
| Manhattan Project | this is the codename for the development of the atomic bomb |
| Truman Doctrine | Harry Truman’s speech declaring that the US should support nations threatened by communism |
| Marshall Plan | program of American economic assistance in western europe |
| Berlin Airlift | when American airplanes brought food and supplies to the people of berlin |
| GI Bill of Rights | moving supplies into west Berlin by American and British planes during the soviet blockade |
| Jackie Robinson | athlete who in 1947 became the first African American to play baseball in the major leagues |
| Thurgood Marshall | first African American Supreme Court Justice; as a lawyer, won landmark school desegregation case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 |
| Earl Warren | Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court 1953-1968; investigated President Kennedy’s assassination; led in many decisions that protected civil rights, rights of the accused, and right to privacy |
| Orval Faubus | governor of Arkansas, closes public schools for a year after Little Rock Nine incident |
| Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. | African American civil rights leader from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968; used nonviolent means such as marches, boycotts, and legal challenges to win civil rights |
| Rosa Parks | civil rights worker whose arrest in 1955 touched off the Montgomery bus boycott |
| Robert F. Kennedy | Attorney General under his brother, President John Kennedy, in the early 1960s; supported civil rights; assassinated while running for President in 1968 |
| James Meredith | African American student accepted into Ole Miss; the Supreme Court made an order to get him accepted; many riots broke out because of his being accepted; President Kennedy had the send the army to protect him |
| Bull Connor | police commissioner; used dramatic force |
| Dwight Eisenhower | Thirty-fourth President of the United States, 1953-1961; leader of the Allied forces in World War II; as President, he promoted business and continued social programs |
| John F. Kennedy | Thirty-fifth President of the United States, 1961-1963; seen as youthful and inspiring; known for his firm handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis; assassinated in 1963 |
| Lyndon B. Johnson | Thirty-sixth President of the United States, 1963-1969; expanded social assistance with his Great Society program; increased United States commitment during Vietnam War |
| Malcolm X | African American leader during the 1950s and 1960s; eloquent spokesperson for African American self-sufficiency; assassinated in 1965 |
| Elijah Muhammad | contacted by Wallace D. Fard (god on earth), this made Elijah the profit of god |
| Stokely Carmichael | African American arrested and then released from jail right before a protest; gave the black power solute |
| Lee Harvey Oswald | shot President John F. Kennedy |
| Michael Harrington | author; wrote The Other America in 1962, which described areas of poverty in the otherwise prosperous United States |
| Barry Goldwater | Arizona senator; opposed Johnson; major Conservative; opposed income tax and civil rights and banning nuclear testing; considered an ancestor to strong Conservatives in the ‘80s |
| Fidel Castro | revolutionary leader who took control of Cuba in 1959; ally of Soviet Union through the 1980s |
| Nikita Khrushchev | Soviet leader from 1953-1964; opposed President Kennedy in the Cuban Missile Crisis |
| Betty Friedan | feminist author; criticized limited roles for women in her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique |
| Cesar Chavez | Latino leader from 1962 to his death in 1993; organized the United Farm Workers (UFW) to help migratory farm workers gain better pay and working conditions |
| Timothy Leary | LSD; tested the affects on college students; “tune in, turn on, drop out”; fired |
| Ho Chi Minh | rebel leader against the French |
| Ngo Dinh Diem | leader of South Vietnam, 1954-1963; supported by United States, but not by Vietnamese Buddhist majority; assassinated in 1963 |
| William Westmoreland | asks for more and more troops all the time |
| George Wallace | third-party candidate for President in 1968; focused his campaign on issues of blue-collar anger in the North and racial tension |
| Walter Cronkite | most trusted man in America; he was originally okay with the Vietnam War until the Tet Offensive; “I..winning the war. It seems now more certain than ever that the bloody experience in Vietnam is to end in a stalemate.only rational way is to negotiate.” |
| Tet Offensive | VC made surprise attack on holiday of Tet on the Ho Chi Minh trail;able to get inside U.S. Embassy; this is a very surprising attack; VC were spread out so when the United States counterattacked it was easy to defeat them; ppl began opposing the war |
| March on Washington | 1941, A. Philip Randolph; desegr.in defense agencies; titled head of the march; purpose:pressure Congress and the Pres. to pass civil rights legis. agst segr. and discr.; lrgst march in Amer. history up to that point; African Americans but also whites |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | it had an impact on voting, schools, and jobs; gave the Justice Department the authority to act vigorously in school desegregation and voting rights cases |
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 | areas with less than 50% of voting-age population registered had literacy rests banned; federal examiners could be sent to register voters if local registrars refused to do so; 740,000 African Americans registered to vote in three years |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | gives the President the authority to repel aggression in North Vietnam, passed unanimously in the House and only two people opposed it in the Senate |
| Head Start | a preschool program for children from low-income families that also provides healthcare, nutrition services, and social services |
| Black Panthers | the party arises bc the govt wont protect them so they protect themselves; patrol the streets with weapons; pride in the beauty and power of the black race; protection of the black community with force if necessary; along lines of Maoist |
| Roe v. Wade | struck down state regulation of abortion in the first three months of pregnancy; the ruling still allowed states to restrict abortions during the later stages of pregnancy |
| Port Huron Statement | largely written by Tom Hayden; encouraged independence and democracy,Students for a Democratic Society |
| My Lai Massacre | not made public until 1969; Amers. on search and destroy mission and they went into a village and they rounded up villagers who were mostly women, children, and elders and they opened fire and an Amer. helicopter went in b/w and helped stop the massacre |
| Henry Kissinger | Secretary of State under Nixon and Ford. Used Realpolitik to open relations with China, to end the Viet War, and to moderate the Middle East conflict. |
| H.R. "Bob" Haldeman | Chief of Staff under Nixon; deeply involved in Watergate |
| Neil Armstrong | makes it to the moon |
| Charles Colson | Chief Counsel for Pres., Nixon’s “hatchet man”, author:enemies list, involved in “dirty tricks” agst them, indicted imprisoned for conspiracy in Watergate Christian in prison after reading C.S. Lewis’s Mere Christianity, fdr.of Prison Fellowship (ministry |
| Woodward & Bernstein | part of the Washington Post. Relied on Deep Throat to help expose stuff about the Watergate break in. |
| W. Mark Felt | a.k.a Deep Throat. Gave some information to Woodward and Bernstein. |
| Archibald Cox | special prosecuter. in charge of bringing evidence. Cox demands that they give him the tapes. |
| Richard Nixon | 37th President; known for his foreign policy toward the Soviet Union and China and for illegal acts he committed in the Watergate affair that forced his resignation. |
| Gerald Ford | 38th President; succeeded and pardoned Nixon; failed to be a strong President. |
| Jimmy Carter | 39th President; advocated concern for human rights in foreign policy; assisted in mediating the Camp David Accords. |
| Ayatollah Khoemeini | Islamic fundamentalist leader of Iran after the 1979 overthrow of the Shah; approved of holding of American hostages. |
| Leonid Brezhnev | Brezhnev is Khrushchev’s successor; he signs SALT II with Carter. |
| Ronald Reagan | 40th President; popular conservative leader who promoted supply-side economics and created huge budget deficits. |
| Mikhail Gorbachev | Soviet leader whose bold reforms led to the break up of the Soviet Union. |
| George H.W. Bush | 41st President; continued Reagan’s conservative policies; brought together U.N. coalition to fight the Persian Gulf War. |
| Jerry Falwell | Liberty University founder and Baptist minister |
| Oliver North | got blamed the most, he makes a series of testimonies saying that he has no recollection of what happened during the Iran-Contra Affair |
| Boris Yeltsin | Leader of Russia; took over from Mikhail Gorbachev as reforms continued and Communist control ended. |
| New Federalism | Division of power b/t national and state. Give more power back to states |
| War Powers Act of 1973 | limits the President’s ability of sending troops without a declaration of war |
| Three Mile Island | produced nuclear power, partial meltdown and had to evacuate, nobody was hurt or killed but it was very scary, the psychology effects made American people fear nuclear energy |
| Cmap David Accords | Israel and Egypt,a lot of conflict, Carter finds a desire to bring these two nations to the table, came together and had a series of negotiations @Camp David Accords: Egypt recognized Israes,Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt |
| Sandinistas | a member of the ruling Marxist group in Nicaragua. |
| Strategic Defense Initiative | US missiles that destroyed the Soviet missiles,satellites that shoot down missiles, since it’s occurring in space it doesn’t go against SALT I, scared the Soviets so they started spending more money on defense, spending war (helped bring down communism) |
| INF Treaty | get rid of intermediate nuclear forces treaty. Arms reductions |
| SALT I | 5 year freeze on production of ICBMs and submarine-launched ballistic missiles,restrictions on development and deployment of antiballistic missile defense systems – US withdrew in 2002 - followed by increased trade agrments b/w Amers.and the Sovs. |
| OPEC | org. of petroleum exp. countries. Nations of OPEC sympathizes Arabs=No shipments of oil made to U.S.=increase prices,many gas stations have to close down b/c there are not enough oil for the cars. Gas prices effect other goods as well. |
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