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History Midterm Exam
hope I don't fail
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| embargo | government ban or restriction on trade |
| impressment | policy of seizing people or property for military or public service happened during war |
| clan | groups or families related through a common ancestor |
| middle passage | the forced transport of enslaved persons from Africa to American from the 1500s to the 1800s |
| conquistador | Spanish soldiers |
| house of burgesses | representative assembly of colonial Virginia formed in 1619 first form of government in the colonies |
| enlightenment | 18th century intellectual movement where European philosophers came to believe that all problems could be solved by reason and science |
| great awakening | religious movement in the colonies during the 1730s and 40s, heavily inspired by evangelical preachers |
| federalism | political system where power is shared between the national and state government |
| separation of powers | powers of the government are divided between the executive, legislative and judicial branches |
| check & balances | system in which each branch of the government has the power to monitor and limit the actions of the other branches |
| monroe doctrine | declaration by President Monroe in 1823 that the US would oppose effort by outside powers to control a nation in the WH |
| sedition act | 1798 law that allowed the prosecution of critics of the government, ppl were not allowed to criticize the government |
| compromise of 1850 | agreement that tried to ease the tension over California becoming a free state, allowing other territories to decide on the issue of slavery |
| freedmen's bureau | federal agency designed to aid to aid freed slaves and poor white farmers and relieve the south's immediate needs after the Civil War |
| gettysburg address | speech by Lincoln where he dedicated a nation cemetery at Gettysburg and reaffirmed the ideas for which the Union was fighting for |
| total war | war where a nation uses all of it's resources to destroy enemy troops and their resources |
| sharecroppers | a farmer who farms someone else's land |
| second great awakening | religious movement in the first half of the 1800s |
| tariff | tax on imported goods |
| monopoly | complete control over an industry by one person or company |
| sharecropping | system where a farmer farms a portion of a planter's land and receives a share of the crop as a payment |
| trust | a combination of corporations or firms bound by a legal agreement, used to reduce competition |
| tenement | building divided into apartments to house several families, unsanitary conditions |
| settlement house | community center organized to provide social services to the urban poor |
| muckrakers | writer who uncovers and exposes conditions in factories |
| gospel of wealth | Carnegie's doctrine calling for the wealthy to share their riches for the good of society |
| angel island | island in San Francisco Bay that was an immigrant station for people from Asia |
| ellis island | island in New York Harbor an immigrant station for many people, mainly Europeans |
| political machines | a political organization where a boss or group commands the support a corps of supporters and businesses ? |
| platt amendment | restricted rights of newly independent Cubans and brought the island into the US sphere |
| foraker act | established a civil government in Puerto Rico |
| selective service act | act that authorized a military draft for young men |
| espionage act | act that allowed severe penalties to anyone in disloyal or treasonable activities banned certain paper materials |
| insurrection | to rebel against US rule |
| imperialism | policy where strong nations extend political, military, and economic control over weaker nations |
| moral diplomacy | Woodrow Wilson statement that said the US would not force influence in the world but would instead work to promote human rights |
| big stick diplomacy | depended on a strong military in order to get countries to do something |
| social darwinism | statement that said life consists of competitive struggles and only the fittest survive |
| jingoism | agressive nationalism |
| causalities | soldiers killed, wounded, or missing during war |
| influenza | a flu virus |
| creditor nation | country which is owed more money by other countries that it owes other countries |
| sphere's of influence | region dominated by an outside power |
| western front | battlefront between the Allies and Central Powers during WWI |
| mass production | rapid manufacture of large numbers of identical products |
| bull market | period of rising stock market |
| ku klux klan | organization that promotes hatred and discrimination against specific ethnic and religious groups |
| the jazz singer | first movie with sound synchronized to action |
| scopes trail | 1925 trail of a Tennessee school teacher for teaching Darwin's theory of evolution |
| a farewell to arms | novel by Ernest Hemingway |
| prohibition | forbidding by law of the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcohol |
| harlem renaissance | period during the 1920s where AA novelists, poets and artists celebrated their culture |
| dawes plan | agreement where the US loaned money to Germany letting them pay France and Britian |
| okies | term used to describe Dust Bowl refugees during the Great Depression |
| speculation | practice of making high risk investments investments in hopes of obtaining large profits |
| bonus army | WWI veterans marched in Washington DC in 1932 demanding early payment of a bonus promised to them by Congress |
| federal art project | division of the works progress administration, hired unemployed artists to create artworks, it sponsored art education programs |
| sit-down strike | labor protests where workers stop working and occupy the workplace until demands are met |
| court packing scheme | FDRs plan to add up to 6 new Supreme Court members after court had ruled some New Deal legislation unconstitutional |
| pump priming | economic theory that favored public work projects b/c the they put money into the hands of consumers, stimulating the economy |
| welfare state | government assures responsibility for providing for the welfare of the poor, elderly, sick and unemployed |
| works progress administration (WPA) | key ND program that provided work relief through various public works |
| fireside chats | informational radio broadcasts were FDR explained issues and ND programs |
| collective bargaining | allowed employees to negotiate wages and condition with employers |
| social security | 1935 law that set up a pension system for retirees, established unemployment insurance, and insurance for victims of work related activities |
| business cycle | periodic growth and contraction of the economy |
| tenant farmers | one who works land owned by another and pays rent in cash or in shares of produce |
| trickle-down economics | theory that says that money lent to banks will trickle down to consumers |
| black tuesday | October 29, 1929 stock prices fell sharply in the Great Cash |
| James Madison | Designed the Virginia Plan. |
| Christopher Columbus | Wanted to sail west to Asia, but ran into America instead |
| Thomas Jefferson | drafted the Declaration of Independence |
| George Washington | general during the American Revolution, first president |
| Andrew Johnston | Lincoln's VP who fought with congress and was almost impeached |
| Harriet Beecher Stowe | wrote the anti-slavery novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" |
| Robert E. Lee | Confederacy general in civil war |
| John Brown | white abolitionist who led a slave revolt and was later execution |
| Vasco da Gama | portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea. |
| Andrew Jackson | common man president, sent NA's on trail of tears |
| John D. Rockefeller | head of the oil monopoly |
| Andrew Carnegie | head of the steel monopoly |
| Ida B. Wells | AA journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, feminist, helped civil rights movement. |
| Woodrow Wilson | 28th president supported moral diplomacy president during the war of 1812 got rid of the "triple wall of privilege" |
| Margaret Sanger | opened first birth control clinic |
| W. E. B. Du Bois | civil rights activist who wanted AAs to have equal rights immediately |
| Gifford Pinchot | led the Division of Forestry in the US Department of Agriculture, recommended that land set aside be protected |
| Booker T. Washington | civil rights activist who wanted AAs to have equal right eventually |
| Henry Grady | call the south the "New South" after civil war and said the economy would be mixed |
| Susan B. Anthony | women's rights activist |
| Walter Rauschenbusch | reformer thought that Christianity should be the basis of social reform |
| William Randolph Hearst | newspaper publisher that made public dislike the spanish government |
| José Martí | cuban patriot launched the war for independence from spain |
| William Howard Taft | governor of Philippines president liked dollar diplomacy |
| Emilio Aguinaldo | defeated the Spanish army to gain independence for the Philippines |
| John J. Pershing | sent to capture Pancho Villa, and a war general in WWI |
| George Creel | director of Committee on Public Information |
| Vladimir Lenin | Led the Russian Revolt |
| Bernard Baruch | Wall street investment broker that headed the Council of National Defence |
| Andrew Mellon | wealthy banker, the secretary of treasury |
| Sigmund Freud | austrian psychologist who stressed the importance of the unconscious mind |
| Langston Hughes | AA author who wrote about the pain and pride of being AA |
| Herbert Hoover | president who believed that the government shouldn't be involved with the economy |
| Mary McCloud Bethune | black cabinet member who worked to improve educational opportunities for AAs |
| John Steinbeck | author who wrote The Grapes of Wrath |
| Huey Long | senator from LA who opposed the ND and wanted a share of wealth response to the ND |
| Douglas MacArthur | general sent by President Hoover to disperse the Bonus Army, he used tear gas and bayonets, and burnt the camps |
| league of nations | world organization established after WWI to promote peaceful cooperation between countries |
| red scare | fear that communists were working to destroy the American way of life |
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