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ENLIGHTENMENT
TERMS
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Enlightenment | a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition |
| Humanism | a philosophy that stresses reason and what humans can accomplish rejecting Church authority |
| Humanist | believe what the human can accomplish without religion being at the center of their life |
| reason | to think or argue in a logical manner |
| rational | agreeable to reason |
| Rationalism | idea that people can use reason or logical thought to understand and improve the world |
| individualism | idea that the individual and their rights are more important than what may be good for the group |
| representative democracy | form of government that people elect officials to represent their views |
| mercantilism | wealth of a nation depends on its possession of precious metals, so foreign trade, so the establishment of colonies very important |
| Logic | reason or sound judgment |
| direct democracy | form of government that people make decisions |
| absolute monarchy | monarch that has complete power |
| Revolution | a sudden, complete, or marked change in something an abrupt overthrow of a government or group of rulers |
| geocentric | earth as a center |
| Illumination | intellectual or spiritual understanding or revelation |
| scientific revolution | using careful observation (scientific method) and rational thought to understand/explain the natural world |
| constitutional monarchy | monarchy that has limited government |
| Separation of Powers | separation of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government so that no one branch becomes too strong; Montesquieu’s idea |
| heliocentric | sun as a center |
| Social contract | the agreement by which people define and limit their individual rights, thus creating an organized society or government |
| Natural rights | the rights that all people are born with-according to John Locke, the right of life, liberty and property |
| The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizens | document of the French Revolution =natural rights are universal. Thomas Jefferson directly influenced this document. |
| American Revolution | (1775–1783) the war between Great Britain and its American colonies, by which the colonies won their independence |
| French Revolution | (1789-1799) war in which the people of France overthrew their rulers (absolute monarchy) and created a new government as a result of serious disagreements. Ideals of the Enlightenment inspired the Revolution. |
| Estates | French social hierarchy during Enlightenment; 3 levels |
| Bourgeoisie | French middle class |
| Estates-General | French representative assembly; comprised of members from each of the three Estates |
| Reign of Terror | period of extreme violence enacted by the ruling government as a way to block counterrevolutionary actions during the French Revolution |
| Napoleon | (1769-1821), claimed himself Emperor of the French from 1804 to 1814 |
| Latin American Revolutions | (1808-1826) wars against European colonial rule that led to the independence of the Latin American state |
| Creole | Full blooded Spaniard who had been born in Latin America |
| Peninsulare | Full blooded Spaniard born in Spain |
| Mulatto | mixed African and European heritage |
| Mestizo | mixed Spanish and Native American |
| geocentric | earth as a center |
| Logic | reason or sound judgmentntellectual or spiritual understanding or revelation |
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WIMS
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