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SOC CH 5 2020
Mr. Stickler's Sociology Ch. 5 Test Flashcards 2020
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the term "social interaction" mean/ relate to? | This term relates to the process by which people act toward or respond to other people. It is the foundation for all relationships and and groups in society. (Pg. 119) |
| What does the term "social structure" mean? | This term relates to the "complex framework of societal institutions and the social practices that make up a society and that organize & establish limits on people's behavior. (Pg. 119) |
| Give one (1) example of a "societal institution". | 1.) The economy; 2.) politics; 3.) religion. (Pg. 119) |
| What is the difference between "ascribed status" and "achieved status"? | "Ascribed status" relates to the social status a person has when they are born (i.e. it is granted to them at birth); "achieved status" relates to social status that a person earns through personal choice, merit, or direct effort. (Pg. 121) |
| What does the term "status" mean in relation to society? | This term means "a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties." (Pg. 121) |
| What do Conflict Theorists believe about how social structure operates? | Conflict Theorists believe that social structure helps determine social relations in a society & may be the source of inequality and injustice. (Pg. 120) |
| What did Karl Marx believe about how social structure operates? | He believed that the organization of economic production was the most important structural aspect of society. In Capitalist societies, few people control the labor of many; the social structure creates a system of domination & subordination. (Pg. 120) |
| What does the term "stigma" mean/ relate to? | This term means "any physical or social attribute or sign that so devalues a person's social identity that it disqualifies that person from full social acceptance. (Pg. 121) |
| What is one (1) example of a "stigma"? | One example of this is the uniform that convicted criminals wear in prison. It is a "stigma" that tells others they have done something wrong & should not be allowed outside of the prison's walls. (Pg. 121) |
| What does the term "master status" mean? Give one (1) example of this. | This term means "the most important status a person occupies". One (1) example of this is belonging to the upper class because it influences many other areas of a person's life including health, education, & life opportunities. (Pg. 123) |
| What are "status symbols"? | These are material signs that inform other people of a person's social status. (Pg. 123) |
| Give one (1) example of a "status symbol". | One example of this is when a member of the upper class drives a Rolls-Royce. It signals to others that they belong to the upper class & can afford such things. (Pg. 123) |
| What does the term "role" mean in relation to society? | This term refers to a "set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status". (Pg. 124) |
| Give one (1) example of a "role". | An example of a "role" is if a person is employed as a carpenter (employee) who has been hired to remodel a kitchen for a family, they are not expected to sit down uninvited & join the family (their employer) for dinner. (Pg. 124) |
| What does the term "role expectation" mean, relate to? | This refers to a group's or society's definition of the way a specific role ought to be played. (Pg. 124) |
| What is the difference between "role expectation" and "role performance? | "Role expectation" refers to the way a social role ought to be played while "role performance" is the way a person actually plays a social role. (Pg. 124) |
| What does the term "role conflict" mean/ relate to? | This term relates to a situation where incompatible role demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time. (Pg. 125) |
| What does the term "social group" mean/relate to? Give one (1) example of a social group. | This term relates to a situation where two (2) or more people interact frequently and share a common identity & a feeling of interdependence. One example is the family. (Pg. 125) |
| What is the difference between "primary" and a "secondary" groups? | "Primary groups" are small, less specialized groups in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions; "secondary groups" are larger & more specialized with more-impersonal, goal-oriented relationships. (Pg. 128) |
| What is one (1) example of a "social institution"? | 1.) Family; 2.) religion; 3.) education; 4.) the economy; 5.) the government or politics. (Pg. 129) |
| What are the characteristics of "hunting & gathering" societies? | They use simple technology for hunting animals & gathering vegetation. (Pg. 133) |
| What are the characteristics of "horticultural & pastoral societies"? | They use technology that supports the domestication of large animals to provide food. (Pg. 134) |
| What are the characteristics of "agrarian societies"? | They use technology that supports large-scale farming, including animal-drawn or energy-powered plows & equipment to produce their food supply. (Pg. 1340 |
| What are the characteristics of "industrial societies"? | These societies use technology that mechanizes production (for example, using assembly lines to quickly produce a large quantity of items). (Pg. 135) |
| What are the characteristics of "preindustrial societies"? | These societies use technology that supports a service and information - based economy. (Pg. 136) |
| Social theorist Emile Durkheim coined the term "mechanical solidarity". What does this term mean/ relate to? | This term refers to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor & people feel united by shared values & common social bonds. (Pg. 137) |
| What does the term "Gemeinschaft" mean/ relate to? | This term relates to a traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship & kinship & on intergenerational stability. (Pg. 138) |
| What does the term "Gesellschaft" mean, relate to? | This term relates to large urban societies in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values. (Pg. 138) |
| What does the term "self - fulfilling prophecy" mean/ relate to? | This term means "a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true". (Pg. 141) |
| What is "impression management" (aka presentation of self) relate to? | This term relates to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image. (Pg. 143) |
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