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CCC Tutorial 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to Marsella (1994), what is culture? | Culture is shared learned behaviour which is transmitted from one generation to another for purposes of promoting individual and social survival, adaptation, and growth and development. |
| What are some examples of the external and internal representations of culture? | -External (e.g. artifacts, roles,institutions) -Internal representations (e.g. values, attitudes, beliefs) |
| What are values of a culture? | What the culture believes is right about identity, the world and how to judge other people |
| What does culture do? | Culture ranks what is important Culture shapes attitudes Culture determines behaviour |
| What is meant when it is said that "culture ranks what is important"? | The Values of a culture indicate a relative hierarchy in terms of cultural priorities, as they act as standards that members use to judge what is important |
| What are attitudes? | Attitudes are learned tendencies to respond to phenomenon (events, people, experiences) in a consistent manner. |
| What is meant when it is said that "culture shapes attitudes"? | Attitudes determine how we feel about something--can be positive or negative, based on values. |
| What is behaviour? | Actions. |
| What is meant when it is said that "culture determines behaviour"? | Behaviour comes directly from attitudes about how significant something is – how it is valued. Thus, the values of an drive actions. |
| Explain the relationship of a value, an attitude and a behaviour by giving an example. | Value - Honesty Attitude - Telling lies is wrong Behaviour - Tells truths |
| In sociology, what are the two categories that a culture is made up of? | Material culture and symbolic culture. |
| What is material culture? | Any physical object to which social meaning is given: language, architecture, food & art, etc |
| What is symbolic culture? | Ways of thinking (beliefs, values, and assumptions) and ways of behaving (norms, interactions, and communication). |
| According to Rubin and Stewart (1994), what is human communication? | Human communication is the process through which individuals – in relationships, groups, organisations, and societies – respond to and create messages to adapt to the environment and one another |
| What are the key principles of communication? | Communication is •Dynamic •Is symbolic •Is systemic •Involves making inferences •Is self-reflective •Shaped by culture |
| What are the 5 theories of cross-cultural communication? | - Hofstede’s Value Dimension - Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck’s Value Orientation - Hall’s Context Orientation - Trompenaars and Charles - Hampden-Turner’s 7 dimensions |
| What are the 6 Hofstede dimensions? | Power Distance Individualism and Collectivism Masculinity and Femininity Uncertainty Avoidance Long-term Orientation vs Short-term Orientation Indulgence vs Restraint |
| What is the difference between high power distance and low power distance cultures? | •High power distance - Hierarchical cultures – accept that power is distributed unequally • Low power distance - Flat cultures – question authority and attempt to spread power equally |
| What is the difference between individualistic and collectivist cultures? | • Individualistic cultures - Loose ties between members • Collectivist cultures - Strong times between members |
| What is the difference between masculine and feminine cultures? | • Masculine - Cultures that emphasize achievement, aggression and competition • Feminine - Cultures that emphasize cooperation, caring and modesty |
| What is the difference between high uncertainty avoidance cultures and low uncertainty avoidance cultures? | • High uncertainty avoidance - More rules and structures - Risk is bad • Low uncertainty avoidance - Fewer rules and structures - Risk is OK |
| What is the difference between cultures that are long-term oriented and cultures that are short term oriented? | • Long-term view - Emphasises planning for the future, adaptation and problem solving as good • Short-term - Emphasises past traditions, change is generally bad |
| What is the difference between indulgent cultures and restraint cultures? | • Indulgent societies - Believe they are in control of their own life • Restraint societies - Believe external factors control their life |
| What is the difference between high context cultures and low context cultures? | • High Context Cultures - Use of the situation in which the communication takes place + Messages are indirect, ambiguous + Greater use of non-verbals • Low Context Cultures - Messages are direct, clear - More use of verbals |
| What are some traits of low context cultures? | • Language of action • Reality is measurable – emphasis on logical proof, factual data • Individuals are responsible – language structure (subject/verb/object reflects identify agent and action) • Messages are direct, explicit and personal |
| What are some traits of high context cultures? | • Rich, multi-valued, complex, subtle • Reality is complex, impressionistic • Individuals live in harmony with nature. Language structure often indirect • Harmony dominates. Rare use `I’, `me’. • Messages should be indirect and impersonal |
| What are some potential barriers to effective cross-cultural communication? | • Ethnocentricism • Stereotyping • Prejudice • Discrimination • Cultural blindness • Cultural imposition |
| What are some other barriers to effective cross-cultural communication? | • Language • Discourse rules • Ignorance of communication norms of different cultures • Nonverbals • Hearing what you expect to hear • Different perceptions • Different intentions • Speaking = listening syndrome |
| What is ethnocentrism? | Inability to accept another culture’s world view (‘my culture and my view is the best”) |
| What is stereotyping? | Generalising about a person or group based on extreme or one sample without considering individual differences |
| What is prejudice? | A prejudice is a judgment we make about another person or other people without really knowing them. |
| Why is prejudice hard to eradicate? | Prejudices are learned as part of our socialisation process |
| What is discrimination? | Differential treatment of an individual or group due to minority status, actual and perceived. E.g. we are not equipped to serve people like them |
| What is cultural blindness? | Ignoring differences: Acting as though differences do not exist and also has the view that it is not necessary to consider a person’s or group’s culture |
| What is cultural imposition? | Belief that everyone should conform to the majority. E.g. we know what it best. If you do not like it you can go elsewhere |
| What are some examples of language barriers? | - Script - Vocabulary - Grammatical structures - Discourse rules |
| What are language barriers determined by? | They are all determined by one’s culture |
| What are some examples of discourse rules? | - Opening or closing conversations - Taking turns during conversations - Interrupting - Using silence as a communicative device (expressing assent or displeasure e.g.) |
| What are some other examples of discourse rules? | - Knowing the appropriate amount of speech to be used by participants - Sequencing of elements during discourse (orders; requests) - Apologies (when to and when not to) - Compliments (Giving and receiving) |
| What is meant by being ignorant of the communication norms of different cultures? | Missing the verbal as well as the non-verbal signals people send when communicating. Not all verbal and non-verbal signals can be accurately interpreted. |
| What are some non-verbals? | Distance Touching Body Posture Gestures Facial expressions Eye contact |
| What is meant by hearing what you expect to hear? | Listening selectively for only those things that meet our expectations and screening out everything else Thus leading to interpreting a different message from the sender than what he/she intended |
| What is meant by having different perceptions? | We perceive the world differently depending on how we select, organise and interpret information |
| What is meant by having different intentions? | Reading intentions in others’ actions (behaviour and communication) which may not be what they intended |
| What is meant by Speaking = Listening? | what I say and mean = what you hear and understand what I say and mean ≠ what you hear |
| How do we maximize the chances of communicating successfully across cultures? | Communicating successfully across cultures involves • Being sensitive which requires • Knowledge and a • Good attitude |
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