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Stufflet AP Top 130
Top 100 AP US History Terms
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| House of Burgesses | 1st legislative body in the colonies; in Virginia |
| Head-right system | colonists received 50 acres for each person whose passage to Virginia he financed |
| Toleration Act of 1649 | granted freedom of worship to all Christians (but not Jews) in Maryland; 1st example of religious toleration in Americas |
| Bacon’s Rebellion (1676) | revolt of backcountry farmers in Virginia against Tidewater elite on coast who were hated because of power |
| Mayflower Compact | agreement amongst Puritans of Plymouth to abide by decisions of majority |
| Mercantilism | The purpose was to enrich the mother country of England by creating a favorable balance of trade that would increase supply of bullion (gold/silver); Colonies existed to enrich mother country |
| Albany Plan of Union, 1754 | Ben Franklin's attempt to unify colonies during French and Indian War; failed due to lack of American identity amongst colonists |
| SALUTARY NEGLECT | British policy of exercising little direct control over colonies and allowing Navigation Acts to go unenforced |
| Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763) | Pontiac attacks British settlements on western frontier; upsets colonists b/c British troops used instead of colonial troops |
| Proclamation of 1763 | a) Issued by British to prevent hostilities b/w colonists and Indians b) Said colonists could not settle west of Appalachian Mts. |
| Stamp Act | a) Stamps to be placed on most printed paper in colonies (legal docs, newspapers, pamphlets, playing cards)b) 1st direct tax: tax on those who used the goods, not on merchantsc) meant to raise $ to pay British officials in colonies |
| Townshend Acts | Tax on tea, paper, glass, lead, painters’ colors $ raised used to pay British officials in colonies (formerly paid by colonial assemblies) |
| The Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) of 1774 | To punish for destruction of private property (tea) in Boston |
| Articles of Confederation (1777) | 1) Unicameral legislature 2)Each state had 1 vote 3) 9/13 needed to pass laws 4) To amend, 13/13 needed |
| Northwest Ordinance 1787 | Set rules for creating new states in area b/w Great Lakes and Ohio River; only successful part of Articles of Confederation |
| Shays’ Rebellion (1786) | a) rebellion of debt-ridden farmers in western Massachusetts; Rebelled against high state taxes, debtor prisons, no paper $ b) Scared people, convinced many of need for stronger govt |
| Federalist Papers | Hamilton, Madison, Jay 85 essays published to convince NY and Virginia to ratify Constitution |
| Bill of Rights | 1st 10 Amendments to Constitution |
| Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) | Washington's declaration that said US would not take sides in war between France and England (Jefferson resigns b/c of this, says we should side with France) |
| Jay’s Treaty | treaty that brought US closer to Britain; Brits promised to remove troops from Northwest territories |
| Pinckney Treaty | treaty with Spain in 1790s; said a) Spain recognized US neutrality b) Ended Spanish claims to southwest territories c) Gave US access to Mississippi River d) gave US access to New Orleans |
| Whiskey Rebellion | Western PA farmers rebelled against tax on whiskey (to supplement income); showed federal govt's power |
| Marbury v Madison | Supreme Coirt case that established judicial review (right of Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional) |
| Embargo Act (1807) | Jefferson's big failure; meant to punish Britain for interfering in US trade; almost ruined Us economy |
| American system | program for advancing US economic growth in early 1800s (Henry Clay) a) tariffs b) national bank c) infratsructure |
| Lowell system | factory system in New England dominated by female labor |
| Transcendentalists | 19th century movement; believed in emotion, civil disobedience, protesting against materialism; led by Emerson and Thoreau |
| Horace Mann | 19th century reformer of schools |
| Nat Turner | slave who led violent revolt in Virginia in 1831 |
| Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 | 1st women's rights convention (1848); led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton) |
| What was the Missouri Compromise? (1820) | a) Missouri admitted as slave state b) Maine admitted as free state c) Slavery prohibited above 36 degrees, 30 minutes (parallel) |
| Monroe Doctrine (1823) | Stated that Europeans were no longer allowed to interfere in affairs of or colonize Americas |
| "Jacksonian democracy” | Andrew Jackson's idea that common man should be more involved in political process |
| The Indian Removal Act of 1830 | Forced the resettlement of Native Americans to west of Mississippi |
| Worcester v Georgia (1832) | overturned Cherokee v Georgia where Cherokees denied their land; but Jackson wouldn't enforce Worcester v Georgia, with result that Indians were forced west |
| “nullification theory” | Said each state could declare FEDERAL law unconstitutional if it wanted to--leading proponent was John C Calhoun (Jackson crushed this idea) |
| Manifest Destiny | idea that it was America's right to expand west in 1840s |
| “Fifty-four forty or fight” | Polk's campaign slogan of 1844; referred to desire to annex Oregon |
| Wilmot Proviso | Slavery should be forbidden in new territories acquired from Mexico in war |
| Manifest Destiny | idea that it was America's right to expand west in 1840s |
| “Fifty-four forty or fight” | Polk's campaign slogan of 1844; referred to desire to annex Oregon |
| Wilmot Proviso | Slavery should be forbidden in new territories acquired from Mexico in war |
| Ostend Manifesto 1852 | Pierce's attempt to buy Cuba from Spain in order to expand slavery |
| “Seward’s Folly”/ “Seward’s Icebox” | Alaska purchased from Russia in 1867; called these terms |
| Popular Sovereignty | idea of letting the people who settled a territory to decide if they wanted slavery by voting; 1st applied in Kansas |
| Compromise of 1850 | a) California admitted as free state b) Divide remainder of Mexican Cession into Utah and New Mexico—allow popular sovereignty c) Ban slave TRADE in Washington, DC d) Adopt Fugitive Slave Law |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | Stephen Douglas (IL) proposes building RR from Chicago to west across Nebraska territory; required organization of states--would they be slave or free? |
| Fugitive Slave Law 1854 | said northerners had to return runaway slaves to south; caused severe sectionalism |
| Dred Scott v Sandford (1857) | Supreme Court case that declared slaves property; enhanced sectionalism and effectively repealed Missouri Compromise |
| “Know-Nothing” Party (American Party) | Nativist Party of 1850s; took votes from Whigs |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln’s declaration that freed all slaves in those states that were in rebellion (encouraged border states to free slaves and compensate slave owners |
| 13th Amendment | emancipated EVERY slave in the USA |
| Homestead Act | 160 acres of free land in Great Plains as long as you farmed it for 5 years |
| Freedmen’s Bureau | Welfare agency for those made destitute in war (mainly freed slaves and homeless whites) |
| Black Codes | southern laws that restricted freedom of blacks after Civil War |
| 14th Amendment | Obligated states to respect rights of citizens by providing “equal protection of the laws” and “due process” |
| 15th Amendment | Prohibited any state from denying a citizen’s right to vote based upon “race, color, or previous condition of servitude” |
| Sharecropping | Landlord (white) provided seed and tools while sharecropper (black) gave landlord 50% of harvest (typically) |
| Compromise of 1877 | political compromise that officially ended Reconstruction of south after Civil War |
| Frederick Jackson Turner | argued in his "frontier thesis" that the frontier had played a fundamental role in shaping the unique character of American society |
| Helen Hunt Jackson | wrote A Century of Dishonor (1880s) detailing American abuses of Indians |
| Dawes Severalty Act (1887) | Law that attempted to assimilate Indians into American culture by giving them farms and citizenship |
| Crop lien system | farmer paid portion of his crop as payment for the SUPPLIES (to store owners) |
| Plessy v Ferguson (1896) | “separate but equal” accommodations in public were constitutional |
| Booker T. Washington | in his Atlanta Compromise speech, he said social equality was “folly”; so blacks should at least improve themselves economically |
| W. E. B. Dubois | advocated complete equality between blacks and whites |
| Bessemer Process | Blasted air through molten iron made stronger steel |
| Andrew Carnegie | Robber Baron who made fortune in steel; became philanthropist |
| John D. Rockefeller | Robber Baron who made fortune in oil (Standard Oil) |
| “Gospel of Wealth” | 19th century idea that God wanted rich to be rich |
| Knights of Labor, 1869 | labor union that was very inclusive of all sorts of workers and more radical than most unions (socialist); failed due to inclusion |
| Old immigrants | immigrants from northern and western Europe |
| new immigrants | immigrants from southern and eastern Europe |
| Chinese Exclusion Act, 1882 | banned all new immigrants from China |
| Great Migration (1890-1930) | term used to describe movement of African-Americans to northern cities |
| Progressivism | reform movement that called for governmental policies to right political, economic, and social wrongs of industrial age |
| “Muckrakers” | journalists who exposed social wrongs; incited reform |
| William Jennings Bryan | politician who made "Cross of Gold" speech demanding the coinage of silver to inflate the US currency system for farmers |
| Jane Addams | founder of Hull House (settlement house) in Chicago |
| 17th Amendment | Direct election of senators |
| Upton Sinclair | wrote The Jungle about meat packing industry; led to Meat Inspection Act |
| John Muir | started Sierra Club and modern conservation movement under Teddy Roosevelt |
| 16th Amendment | income tax (1916) |
| Anti-imperialist League | opposed imperialism on grounds it was against US idea of freedom |
| “yellow” journalism | Sensationalist papers print exaggerations of Spanish atrocities during Spanish-American War (1898) |
| Teller Amendment | Said US had no intention of taking political control of Cuba after Spanish-American War |
| Platt Amendment | amendment to Cuba's Constitution that established US control over the island |
| Open Door Policy | Sec. of State John Hay’s (McKinley) policy of telling Europeans that all nations would have EQUAL trading rights with China |
| Roosevelt Corollary | Only US would intervene in Latin American affairs—no Europeans |
| Schenck v United States (1919) | Free speech could be limited when it caused “clear and present danger” to public safety; upheld Espionage and Sedition Acts of WWI |
| Flappers | liberated women of 1920s; shorter dresses, more promiscuous |
| 18th Amendment | outlaws manufacture, sale, distribution of alcohol |
| Protestant fundamentalism | 1920s; took Bible literally; represented old-fashioned culture of 1920s |
| Immigration Quota (Act) of 1924/National Origins Act | 2% of # of foreigners from foreign nation counted in census of 1890; meant to keep people out based upon race; aimed at "new" immigrants |
| Scopes Trial, 1925 | 1920s trial that pitted modernists v fundamentalists on question of evolution |
| The “Lost Generation” | Leading writers of post WWI period; left for France because of disgust with US materialism (Fitzgerald, Hemingway) |
| Good Neighbor Policy | FDR's policy toward Latin America that a) Repudiated TR’s Roosevelt Corollary in 1933 b) Nullified Platt Amendment (Cuba) in 1934 |
| America First Committee | mobilized US public opinion against WWII (used Lindbergh as speaker) |
| “cash and carry” | US policy toward belligerents in early WWII; pay cash, use own ships (favored Brits) |
| Lend-Lease, 1941 | Brits got all weapons they needed; US got bases during WWII |
| Braceros | Mexican farm workers who were allowed to enter US during WWII |
| “zoot suit” riots of 1943 | fights between Mexicans and whites in Los Angeles during WWII |
| Executive Order 9066 | internment camps ordered for Japanese-Americans during WWII |
| Korematsu v US | Supreme Court case that upheld internment of Japanese in camps during WWII |
| GI Bill | law that gave US servicemen from WWII things like free education and VA hospitals |
| Truman Doctrine | US would seek to contain communism wherever it was seen as a threat in the world |
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization | western military alliance meant to defend all members from attack during Cold War;led by USA |
| Warsaw Pact (1955) | eastern European alliance of communist nations during Cold War |
| Second Red Scare | fear that there was communist infiltration at all levels of US govt in early 1950s |
| Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin | Claimed Truman’s administration was filled with communists |
| “other-directed” society of 1950s | a) People measured themselves against images created by mass media b) TV, Advertising, movies, pop music create images we try to live up to |
| Brown v Board of Education of Topeka (1954) | State mandated segregation of schools violated Constitution (equal protection under law); overturned Plessy v Ferguson |
| Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) | civil rights organization founded by Martin Luther King |
| Betty Friedan | The Feminine Mystique; Complained about confinement to home and lack of career opportunities |
| Phyllis Schafly | believes equality with men would take away many of their privileges in society (like exemption from draft) |
| Civil Rights Act of 1964 | a) Created Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) b) Outlawed discrimination in public transport facilities (hotels, restaurants) |
| Medicare | Great Society program that started nationally funded medical coverage for elderly |
| Medicaid | Great Society program that started nationally funded medical care for low-income citizens |
| Gulf of Tonkin Incident | incident that resulted in LBJ's expansion of the war in Vietnam (1965) |
| The “New” Left | Young liberals who tried to distance themselves from traditional Democrats who weren’t fulfilling American ideals |
| Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) | issued Port Huron Statement that demanded more quality in US society and on US college campuses |
| My Lai Massacre | Murder of app. 350-500 South Vietnamese civilians (mostly women, children)during Vietnam War; turned many in US against war |
| Tet Offensive | NVA and Vietcong launch offensive in numerous South Vietnamese cities in 1968; turns US public against war |
| Détente | “thawing of Cold War under Richard Nixon (exemplified by his visit to China) |
| Watergate | scandal that resulted in resignation of Richard Nixon because he covered up evidence of Watergate break in (to steal campaign secrets from Democrats during 1972 election) |
| “Reaganomics” | “supply side” or “trickle-down” theory; idea was to cut taxes of wealthiest the most; savings would be invested in business and jobs created; Benefits would “trickle down” to common man |
| 3/5 Compromise | in Constitution; said each slave in the US would count as 3/5 a person when being counted for congressional representation |
| Great Compromise | at Constitutional Convention, compromise between big states and little states that created bi-cameral Congress with House of Representatives based on population and Senate based on equal representation (2 per state) |
| Kent State massacre (1970) | anti-war protest that resulted in 4 students being killed by Ohio National guardsmen |
| Jacob Riis | wrote/photographed "How the Other Half Lives" documenting horrible living conditions of immigrants |
| Stokely Carmichael | founder of Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and later founder of Black Panthers; moderate to militant |
| National Organization of Women (NOW) | women's rights organization founded in 1966 to challenge sexual discrimination in the workplace (Betty Friedan) |
| Three Mile Island | nuclear reactor melt-down in 1979; increased support for movement against nuclear power |
| Populism | a) regulation/nationalization of railroads b) coinage of silver/national currency c) graduated (progressive) income tax d) Australian (secret) ballot |
| American Colonization Society | early 19th century movement that sought to return slaves to Africa (Liberia) |
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