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Nutrition Midterm
Topic III
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are 3 local stimuli of the intestinal glands? | Mechanical/Chemical; Physical; Psycological |
| What type of stimulation generally increases the rate of gastro-intestinal secretions? | parasympathetic via Vagus nerve |
| What is the function of mucus? | Lubrication of foods and AT wall (mucopolysaccharides); Buffer (amphoteric) glycoproteins |
| What is the universal secretion of AT? | mucus |
| What is the composisiton of saliva? How do they look and what do they contain? | Serous-thin and contains enzymes; Mucus-thick and contains mucopolysaccharides; All saliva contains electrolytes, thyociante, Lysozyme, and Antibodies |
| What is the pH of saliva? | 6-7 (alkaline-acidic food) |
| What are the 3 main functions of saliva? | Lubrication via mucoproteins, Digestion via salivary amylase, and Oral Hygeine via thiocyanate, Lysozyme, and protein antibodies |
| How are salivary glands contolled? | Parasympathetic nervous signals from the salivary nuclei |
| Is the presence of food in the mouth required to secrete saliva? | No for mucus saliva and Yes for serous saliva |
| Are the esophageal secretions mainly mucus or serous? | mucus |
| What do the gastric/oxynic glands secrete? | HCl, Pepsinogen, Mucus, Intrinsic Factor |
| What is made by parietal cells just outside the cell? | HCl |
| What is made by chief cells? | Pepsinogen |
| What is maid by neck cells? | Mucus |
| What is made by parietal cells? | Intrinsic Factor |
| What is the only body enzyme which is secreted in acidic pH? | Pepsinate |
| What is pepsinate activated to in the lumen of gastic glands by HCl? | Pepsin... does NOT HAPPEN OUSIDE CHIEF CELLS |
| What is the main function of intrinsic factor? | Absorption of B12 from distal ileum |
| How much gastric juice is produced per day? | 1.5L |
| How does the nervous and hormonal systems regulate gastric secretions? | 70% is controlled by Vagus Nerve; 30% is controlled by endocrine system (gastrin) |
| Where are trypsin, chymotrypsin, aminopeptidase, nuclease, elastase, amylase-starch, lipase-triglycerides, phospholipidase-lecithin secreted? | in the pancreatic juice |
| What is acute pancreatis? | Inflammation of the pancreatic glands |
| How does acute pancreatis affect the exocrine enzymes and endocrine hormones/ | Exocrine enzymes will be ABNORMAL; Endocrine hormone secretion will be absorbed |
| What does alcohol, nicotine, caffeine, infections, drugs, and excess proteins that inhibit Trypsin inhibitor cause? | Acute pancreatits? |
| What are the functions of bicarbonate ions in pancreatic juice? | buffer the acid chyme to create optimal condition for enzymatic activities |
| What does secretin stimulate the secretion of? | bicarbonates from duct cells |
| What does chlecystokinin stimulate the secreation of? | enzymes from acinar cells |
| What is the composition of bile? | water, electrolytes (Na,Cl, K, etc), and pigments (bilirubin), bile salts, FFA, lecithin, cholesterol |
| What is the most notorius substanc in bile that can cause gall stones? | cholesterol |
| What is the only digestive juice w/out an enzyme secretion? | bile |
| What is the main function of gall bladder? | concentration and storage of bile |
| What is responsible for gall bladder contractions? | CCK hormone and Fats |
| What relaxes the sphincter oddi? | CCK hormone |
| What is the precursor of bile salt? | cholesterol |
| What are 2 important functions of bile salt? | Emulsification and micelle formation |
| What is a sac contiang fat and fat soluble nutrients | Micelle |
| What are 2 things that the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts prevents? | premature aging of the liver and colon cancer |
| What secretes mucus to protect the duodenal lining against peptic ulcers in the SI? | Brunner's glands |
| Why are people suffering from diarrhea if infected by the cholera toxin? | increased fluids in jejunum->loss of 5-10L of water->dehydration->circulating shock->death |
| What are the small intestine enzymes? | Sucrase, Lactase, Isomaltase, Maltase |
| What is the function of the SI enzymes? | hydrolyze smaller molecules |
| The greater amount of chyme leads to? | greater amount of SI secretions |
| What is the major secretion of LI? | mucus |
| Are enzymes secreted in the LI? | yes if they are secreted by bacteria; No if they are endogenous |
| What are the raw materials for making HCl? | Water, CO2, Cl |
| What will a Zn deficiency cause and why? | decrease in HCl because Zn is needed to convert Co2 and water into H2CO3 |
| What is one of the few cells used to make CO2? | Parietal Cell |
| Is Hcl produced in the lumen or in the parietal cell? | Lumen of Gastric Gland |
| In the pancreatic exocrine gland, what cells secrete enzymes? | Acinar cells |
| In the pancreatic exocrine gland, what cells secrete water and electrolytes? | Duct cells |
| In the pancreatic exocrine gland, the foods we eat in our diet travel to the duodenum and produce CCK which goes to what cells? | Acinar |
| How does acid chyme travel in the pancreatic exocrine gland? | Duodenum->secretin->Duct Cells |
| The Duct cells and acinar cells both produce? | pancreatic juice |
| What type of rate of pancreatic secretion is it when there is a higher number of water and electrolytes and a lower number of enzymes? What type of chyme does this indicate and why is this chyme produced? | Hydrelatic...thin duct cells are active; Acid chyme due to caffeine and alcohol |
| What type of rate of pancreatic secretion is it when there is normal consisitency of water and electrolytes with enzymes? What type of chyme is this and due to what? | Normal duct and acinar cells; Normal Chyme due to a good meal |
| What type of rate of pancreatic secretion is it when there is a higher number of enzymes than there is water and electrolytes? What type of chyme is this and due to what? | Ecbolic...thick acinar cells; Proteins-rich chyme from proteins |
| What type of chyme is the most dangerous? | Protein-rich chyme |
| What hormone can lead to Hydrelatic or Normal conditions? | Secretin |
| What hormone can lead to Ecbolic or Normal conditions | CCK |
| Why should we reabsorb 94% of bile salts? | Prevent premature aging of liver cells, prevent cancer of colon, and prevent LI infections |
| What is the entero-hepatic circulation of bile salts | Liver bile->gallbladder->bile duct->Duodenum->Jejunum->ileum->Portal venous system or Feces |
| What percent of bile salts are seen in the feces? | 6% |
| What is food for pathogenic bacteria? | bile salt |
| What is the main function of the SI? | reabsorption |
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