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Nutrition Midterm
Topic II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary function of the AI Tract? | provide continuous nutrient supply |
| What 3 other functions does the AI Tract do | moves food, secretes digestive juices and enzymes, digestion/absorption of nutrients |
| Motor functions of the guta re performed by the different types of? | smooth muscles |
| What are the 5 layers of smooth muscle | Serosa, Longitudinal muscles, cirucluar muscles, sub-mucosa, mucosa |
| What 2 layers of smooth muscle are for peristalsis? What layer has hormones? What layer has mucus and enzymes? | peristalsis=Longitudinal and circular; homones=sub-mucosa; mucus and enzymes=mucosa |
| How is the action potential of the GI musculature conducted? | by individual muscle fibers in a well coordinated fashion |
| The GI tract has a nervous system of it's own and it is called? | enteric nervous systme |
| How many neurons are in the enteric nervous system and what 2 things make up the ENS? | about 100,000,000 neurons...same as spinal cord; made up of myenteric and submucosal/meissner's plexus |
| What plexus controls peristalsis and is located b/w longitudinal and circular muscle layers? | myenteric |
| What plexus controls GI secretions and is located b/w submucosa and mucosa cells? | Meissner's/Submucosa |
| What are the 2 most important transmitters identified in the enteric plexuses? | ACH and NE |
| How does the Sympathetic and parasymptathetic innervations affect the GI tract? | Sympathetics inhibit & PS stimulate |
| What 3 things can stimulate afferent nerve fibers? | mechanical, chemical, phsychological |
| What are the 3 gastro-intestinal reflexes? | Local signals, Long distance signals, Long-long distance signals |
| What reflex is found w/in the enteric NS and stimulates peristalsis, secretions, and mixing? | Local signals |
| What reflex travels from gut to sypathetic chain ganglia and back to gut? These are also gastro-colic and entero-gastric reflexes. | Long distance signals |
| What reflex travels from gut to spinal cord/brain and back to gue that also has gastric moor and secretory activities and gerally inhibits GI tract and defecation reflex | Long/Long distance signals |
| What is the main function of Gastrin and what secretes it? | increases gastrin motility; secreted by gastric submucosal cells |
| What is the main function of Cholecystokinin and secretin and what secretes them? | Decrease gastric motility and increases intestinal motility; secreted by duodenum sub-mucosa |
| What is the basic propulsive movement of the GI tract? | peristalsis |
| What are the 4 main functions of peristalsis? | helps in physical digestion of food, prevents constipation and other GI problems, prevents gastric, intestinal, colonic, and rectal cancers, & maintains regularity |
| The basic stimulus for peristalsis is? | distension |
| What are two other stimuli for peristalsis and which is the best? | Chemicals in food & various fibers (lignin) |
| What foods is chewing very important for? | fruits/veggies, starchy food |
| What in the mouth helps break up starches such as bread, pasta, potatoes, and rice? | Salivary Amylase |
| What are 3 things for why chewing is important? | Increases surface area of food particles; Prevents premature aging of stomach and pancrease |
| What % of dietary starch is hydrolyzed by salivary amylase? | 40 |
| What are the 3 stages of swallowing? | Voluntary, Pharyngeal, Esophageal |
| What are the 3 motor functions of the stomach? | Mixing(HCl, mucus, enzymes) Storage(maximize digestion) Emptying |
| What valve prevents dumping of food from stomach to SI? | Pyloric valve |
| What is the approximate gastric time for water, milk, and a meal? | water(0-10min), milk(20-30), meal(2hour) |
| How is bolus of dietary starch hydrolyzed? | 40% in mouth by salivary amylase, and then the majority in the stomach |
| What is produced in the stomach and broken down in the SI? | Chyme |
| Where are proteins converted to peptones/partially hydrolyzed proteins? | chyme |
| What are normal, strong rhythmic peristaltic contractions confined to the body of the stomach that often occur when stomach has been empty for several hours? | Hunger contractions |
| What are abnormal very weak peristaltic movements that occur througout the GI tract predominantly to starvation conditions? | Hunger pangs |
| What are 2 factors that can elicit 'enterogastric reflex'? | increase food volume and gastrin |
| What is the main function of the enterogastric reflex? | reduce acidity in the stomach |
| What are 2 movements of the SI? | propulsive contractions and mixing |
| What is the main function of the ileo-cecal valve? | to prevent backflow of toxic contents |
| What are 3 other small functions of the ileo-cecal vavle? | Maximize hydrolysis and absorption of nutrients of SI, Increase absorption of vit B12; Endogenous reabsorption of bile salts from distal ileum |
| What is the function of the colon? | Reabsorption of water and electrolytes; storage of fecal matter |
| Is the rectum usually empty? What triggers it to fill? | yes it is empty and the voluntary defecation signals it to fill |
| What are 3 autonomic reflexes that affect bowel activity? | Peritoneointestinal, renointestinal, vesicointestinal |
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