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Colonial America
Columbus to French & Indian War + 13 Colonies
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Exploration | Reasons include God, Glory, and Gold |
| Physical geographical features | proximity to Atlantic coastline determined where settlements and colonies were created. Appalachian Mts. blocked western settlement. The different geographies of the colonies resulted in vast economic differences among them. |
| Colonization | competition between European nations encouraged this in North America. |
| Charter | contract/agreement granted to companies to establish a colony |
| Mercantilism | Country must sell more than it buys/ chief reason to colonize the Americas |
| Catholic | form of Christianity/ Pope is leader of the worldwide church |
| Protestants/Protestantism | “No pope” form of Christianity/opposition of Roman Catholic Church in Europe/Priest Martin Luther MVP |
| Pilgrims (capital P) | 1620/protestants now termed ”Separatists”/ search for religious freedom/lower class/ Mayflower voyage |
| Puritans | late 1620s-30s/ Protestants want to “purify” the church/ middle-class/educated read Bible /larger group than the Pilgrims/believe one religion = social stability/ |
| Quaker | pacifist (peacemaker) religious group seeking religious freedom/slavery violates Christian principles/ PA colony |
| Roanoke,Virginia | Attempt at settlement by the English was unsuccessful/John White/ Croatoan Island |
| Mayflower Compact | 1620/ MA/ FIRST form self-government/ agreed on laws/41 English colonist aboard Mayflower |
| Virginia House of Burgesses | 1619/*FIRST representative assembly (people elect) in the colonies/ INDIVIDUAL rights/ power to make laws/ served as model for other colonial legislatures |
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut | 1638/FIRST constitution in the colonies/ limited powers of leaders / colonists right to elect governors, judges, and a legislature/ establishes self-gov’t / gave gov’t right to collect taxes/ Thomas Hooker |
| Pocahontas | helped John Smith and European settlers in Jamestown, Virginia |
| English Bill of Rights | Gave English citizens individual rights/ used as a model for U.S. Constitution |
| First Great Awakening | 1730s -1740s/religious freedom movement/Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield/ministers call for “a new birth”/strong faith of earlier days/united colonists from all over |
| Enlightenment Movement | 1750s/began in Europe/knowledge, reason, and science improve society |
| John Locke | Enlightenment philosopher/ personal liberty can coexist with political order/ influenced Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence |
| Charles de Montesquieu | expanded on Locke's beliefs/wrote Separation of Powers/Locke & Montesquieu's influenced many colonial leaders. |
| Representative Government | Colonists needed to keep order/policies created by representatives selected by the people/ “salutary neglect” - colonies not bothered by king for years. |
| Limited Government | Ensure leaders are unable to abuse their power |
| Indentured Servant | free passage to a new country if work land/7-10 years/mainly from England to colonies |
| Bacon’s Rebellion | Revolt of former indentured servants & farmers/ action against the Native Americans who were attacking colonists’ settlements/ unsuccessful |
| Transatlantic (Triangle) Slave Trade | Started in British West Indies to provide labor for sugar plantations in Americas/ later include cotton, tobacco leaves |
| Cash crop | a crop easily sold in markets |
| Plantation System | large land in southern colonies/rich soil/year-round growing = cash crops/ will lead to Agrarian Economy |
| Anne Hutchinson | Puritan/ Massachusetts Bay Colony/disputed and challenged colonial men religious practices/ brought to trial excommunicated |
| Eliza Luca Pinckney | Carolinas/developed indigo (dye)/important cash crops. |
| Enslaved African-Americans | no rights/united by family and religion |
| Free African-Americans | Able to work in small business (low wage) /restricted rights/ lowest social class/limited education/ united by family and religion |
| Magna Carta | 1215/document limited the power of England’s Monarch/protected English from cruel treatment/ example for the 13 colonies/ allowed for legal protections for anyone accused of crimes. . |
| Royal (Crown) Colony | Intended to benefit the Crown. Ruled by royal governor who is chosen by Monarch. NY, VI, NC, SC, GA, NH, NJ |
| Charter Colony | Individuals hoping to make profit purchased stock in companies to finance colonization/applied to King for charter (agreement btw monarch and colony)/ CT, RI, MA |
| Proprietary Colony | Granted by the King directly to an individual or family. This ind/family governed the colony as they saw fit - held title, made laws, granted land, collected rent, courts, churches. Expected to report to the King. PA, MD, DE |
| King Phillip’s War | 1675–1676/ early and bloody conflict btw English and Native Amer/ Metacom - N.A. chief/Puritans spread from Boston/ took more land/heavy loss of NA lives |
| Salem Witch Trials | 1692/ 3 girls/ ill with “fits”/accused residents of using witchcraft on them/ 150+ Massachusetts colonists accused of witchcraft/29 were convicted/19 hanged/At least six people died in prison |
| New England Colonies (Northern Colonies) | Atlantic Ocean/hard winters/rocky soil/ deep forests/shipbuilding/natural harbors/swift rivers/fish/fur/timber/ mainly Puritans. *Never Make Cynthia Run = NH, MA, CT, RI |
| New Hampshire | 1622/John Mason/Religious freedom/free from eco. rules/profit from trade and fishing/treated harshly by Puritans, so they moved North. |
| Plymouth Rock, Massachusetts | 1620-1691/ Pilgrims (Separatists) /William Bradford - pol. leader/ seeking religious freedom/Mayflower Compact/ off course from Virginia so settle here. |
| Connecticut | 1636/Thomas Hooker/religious and political freedom/expand trade/leaders of Mass. colony asked Hooker and followers to leave. |
| Rhode Island | 1636/Roger Williams/religious freedom/most tolerant colony/ want separation of church & state |
| Middle Colonies | Atlantic Ocean/ag and cattle/rivers with ports/mild winters/ fertile soil/metals/ grain ("breadbasket")/ welcome immigrants/ mainly Quakers and Catholics * New Pennies, New Dimes = NY,PA, NJ,DE |
| New York | 1624/1st named New Netherlands /Settled by Dutch for economic reasons/ goals = trade & profit/ taken by English in 1664 (New Amsterdam = NYC) |
| Pennsylvania | 1682-1776/Settled by Quakers/Religious freedom/William Penn/limited gov’t-legislature/religious tolerance (Equal)/home to many immigrants/trade and profit land sales |
| New Jersey | 1613/ settled by Dutch/ goals = trade and profit from land sales/taken by English 1664/ once part of New York |
| Delaware | 1638/settled by Swedes/economic reasons/ goals = trade & profit/ taken by English 1664/ once part of PA |
| Southern Colonies | Ag and cash-crop/cotton/ indigo/ tobacco/ rice/low pop. density/ warm climate/good soil/ plantation system will lead to agrarian economy/ * My vehicle needs some gas = MD, VA, NC,SC,GA |
| Maryland | 1632/ “safehaven” for Catholics/religious reasons/Lord Baltimore /profit land sales/Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 = freedom for worship/slow growing / Queen Mary |
| Jamestown, Virginia | 1607/first permanent English colony/John Smith/ tobacco using enslaved Africans/water on three sides/safe from Spanish/Powhatan/Starving Time/Queen Elizabeth |
| North Carolina | 1663/group of 8 proprietors (investors)/goals = trade and profit/vast land/religious freedom |
| South Carolina | 1663/group of 8 proprietors (investors)/ goals = trade and profit/vast land/rel. freedom/rice major crop |
| Georgia | 1732/James Oglethorpe/Debtor colony- offered prisoners a way to work off debt/buffer between the other British colonies and Spanish Florida |
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