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Chapter10 Rubenstein
Agriculture
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | Deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain |
| Crop | Grain or fruit gathered from a field as a harvest during a particular season. |
| Vegetative planting | Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants (cutting stems & dividing roots) |
| Seed agriculture | Reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds that result from sexual fertilization |
| Subsistence agriculture | Production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family |
| Commercial agriculture | Production of food primarily for sale off the farm |
| Agribusiness | System of commercial farming found in the United States and other relatively developed countries |
| Prime agricultural land | The most productive farmland |
| Shifting cultivation | A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for a relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period |
| Slash-and-burn agriculture | When farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris |
| Swidden | A patch of land cleared for planting through slashing and burning |
| Pastoral Nomadism | A form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals |
| Transhumance | Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas |
| Intensive subsistence agriculture | A form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land |
| Wet rice | The practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth |
| Paddy | Malay word for wet rice, commonly used instead of Sawah |
| Sawah | Flooded field for growing rice |
| Chaff | Husks of grain separated from the seed by threshing |
| Thresh | To beat out grain from stalks by trampling it |
| Winnow | To remove chaff by allowing it to be blown away by the wind |
| Hull | The outer covering of a seed |
| Double cropping | The practice of harvesting twice a year from the same field |
| Crop rotation | Practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil |
| Cereal grain | Grass yielding grain for food |
| Milkshed | Area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied |
| Grain | Seed of a cereal grain |
| Winter wheat | Wheat planted in the fall and harvested in the early summer |
| Spring wheat | Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer |
| Reaper | Machine that cuts grain standing in the field |
| Combine | Machine that reaps, threshes, and cleans grain while moving over a field |
| Ranching | Form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area |
| Horticulture | Growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers |
| Truck farming | Commercial gardening and fruit farming, so named because truck was a Middle English word meaning bartering or the exchange of commodities |
| Plantation | Large farm in tropical and subtropical climates that specializes in the production of one or two crops for sale, usually to a more developed country |
| Sustainable agriculture | Farming methods that preserve long-term productivity of land and minimize pollution, typically by rotating soil-restoring crops with cash crops and reducing inputs of fertilizer and pesticides |
| Ridge tillage | A system of planting crops on ridge tops, in order to reduce farm production costs and promote greater soil conservation |
| Desertification | Degradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting |
| Green revolution | Rapid diffusion of new agricultural technology, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers |
| Mixed crop and livestock farming | Integration of crops and livestock on the same farm |
| Von Thunen Model | Theory that a commercial farmer will decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on proximity to markets |
Created by:
WestonSandfort
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