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Starvation & stress
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Muscle protein is spared in ___________. | Starvation |
| Muscle protein is used as an energy source in __________. | Stress |
| What is the main fuel the brain is using after 40 days of no food? | Ketone bodies |
| Insulin is present in starvation. (T or F) | False |
| Ketone bodies are made from... | Excess Acetyl coA |
| What hormones are responsible for stimulating lipolysis? | Catecholamines & glucagon |
| What are the 2 phases that occur after injury? | Ebb & flow |
| What are the main hormones involved in the stress response? | Cortisol, epinephrine, glucagon (& insulin- for some tissues only) |
| What does cortisol bring about in the stress response? | increases PEPCK expression so that increased GNG can occur |
| What does glucagon do in the stress response? | Causes increased GNG to occur (faster than cortisol does) |
| What does epinephrine do in the stress response? | Causes a cascade of reactions that increases lipolysis |
| What do the cytokines do during stress response? | Increase muscle breakdown, induce GNG and increase the livers' uptake of amino acids |
| Why does selective insulin resistance occur during stress? | Selective insulin resistance occurs in the muscle, adipocytes and the liver as insulin needs to be available to act on other cells that are working to heal the damage. |
| What are the main features of CHO metabolism during stress? | Production of glucose (GNG), uptake and oxidation (glycolysis, TCA, ETC) are all higher than normal and not suppressed |
| What are the main features of fat metabolism during stress? | Increased lipolysis due to insulin resistance glucagon and the adrenergic stimulation of lipolysis. |
| What are the main features of protein metabolism during stress? | Increased protein catabolism & unavoidable muscle wastage |
| What is the difference between a positive and negative acute phase protein? | Positive acute phase proteins are expressed more in times of stress; negative acute phase proteins are lost in the plasma AND production is decreased to allow spare amino acids for positive APP synthesis |
| Name some positive acute phase proteins | CRP, Ferritin, Hepacidin, Ceruloplasmin |
| Name some negative acute phase proteins | Albumin, pre-albumin, retinol binding protein (RBP), transferrin |
| What is Cysteine used for? | Metallothionen synthesis and glutathione synthesis. |
| What minerals decrease in the plasma during stress? | Iron & Zinc |
| What contributes to the hypermetabolism of stress? | Wound healing, increased lymphocyte activity, reduced appetite, increased activities of glucagon, epinephrine & cortisol, thermogenisis involved in maintaining a fever, thermic effect of accelerated protein breakdown |
| What are the released amino acids used for? | GNG and manufacturing of acute phase proteins |
Created by:
KatApple
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