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NCFE review list
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Emancipation Proclamation | in 1863, President Lincoln used the executive order to free all of the slaves in the Confederacy. This is called the |
| The Union | during the Civil War, this side had advantages to fighting in that they had more soldiers, better industry, more telegraph, and railroad lines |
| Ku Klux Klan | this terrorist organization formed in the South as a way to threaten ex-slaves and chase away northern support |
| Sharecropping | former slaves worked as tenant farmers on the land of the ex-masters after the Civil War. This oppressive economic model is called |
| Abolitionist | people who wanted to ban slavery in the US (Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, etc...) were called |
| Secede | this means to leave or separate from the Union |
| Radical Republicans | this legislative group wanted to drastically change the south after the Civil War |
| Poll taxes and Literacy tests | these were 2 methods used by southern politicians to prevent African-Americans from voting |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | this 1896 Supreme Court case legalized segregation |
| Jim Crow Laws | this is the term that refers to the laws of segregation in the south |
| Quota | this term refers to the limited number set on the amount of immigrants who were allowed to come to the US after the 1920's |
| Right to Vote | the term suffrage means |
| New Immigrants | the 25 million immigrants who came from southern and eastern Europe between 1885 and 1914 are referred to as the |
| urbanization | because of the rise of factories in cities during the late 1800's, populations in US cities rose. this is called |
| transcontinental Railroad | after 1869, trade across the United States greatly improved because the Union and Central Pacific Companies built the ... |
| yellow journalism | prior to the Spanish-American War, journalists fabricated stories that enraged Americans to want war with Spain. This journalism is called |
| Homestead Act | this congressional act enticed settlers to the Frontier by offering free land to farmers willing to meet certain qualifications |
| Progressive | political movement of early 1900's in which leaders tried to end corruption, increase voting rights, and protect consumers / workers rights |
| Franz Ferdinand | his assassination in Sarajevo sparked the start of WWI |
| intervention | when US military forces go into foreign areas to settle problems in those areas, it is referred to as |
| German Submarine | in 1915, 128 Americans died on the Lusitania in the Atlantic Ocean. It sunk due to a |
| 14 point peace plan | Woodrow Wilson's plan to rebuild Europe after WWI is known as the |
| Treaty of Versailles | this is the actual treaty that settled WWI. It punished Germany harshly |
| Jazz | this type of music became very popular during the Roaring 20's. It was made popular by Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong |
| Margin Buying | this method of buying stock on credit led to the crash of the stock market on Black Tuesday in 1929, thus beginning the Great Depression |
| Langston Hughes | this writer / poet (A Dream Deferred) was considered a leading figure in the Harlem Renaissance |
| New Deal | this refers to FDR's plan to fight the Great Depression. He created many agencies and programs to stimulate the economy. |
| Social Security | this New Deal program provides pension payments for the disabled, elderly, and retirees |
| World War II | this international event led to the US mass producing weapons and supplies thus ending the Great Depression |
| Weapons Factories | millions of women during WWII helped our military when they took employment in |
| Eisenhower | this US General directed the largest amphibious assault in military history: D-Day |
| Victory gardens | during WWII, to help prevent food shortages at home, citizens grew their own food in what was called... |
| Nuremberg Trials | after WWII, Nazi officers were put on trial for their War Crimes. these trials were known as the |
| Pearl Harbor | the US declared war on Japan after the attack on |
| Manhattan Project | this top secret project during WWII resulted in the creation of Atomic Weapons |
| Domino Effect | this term refers to the idea that if a nation falls to communism, it neighboring nation will as well |
| Marshall Plan | this was an effort by the US to give $12 billion in aid to European nations to rebuild after WWII and hopefully resist communism |
| Truman Doctrine | this Cold War Foreign Policy was a promise that the US would do all we could to help smaller nations repel foreign invasion |
| Korean War | this war broke out in 1950 when communist forces of the North invaded our allies in the southern portion of the nation |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | the USSR began building missile bases in Cuba and JFK blockaded Cuba. many feel that this was the closest the 2 powers came to war |
| Doves | Vietnam War protesters and people who opposed the war were called this term (a reference to a type of bird) |
| Berlin Airlift | this Cold War event was the effort of US and allies to supply West Berlin due to a blockade by Soviet forces |
| civil disobedience | this term refers to civil rights protesters who broke unjust laws as a form of protest |
| Brown v. Board of education | this court case of 1954 ended the policy of school segregation in the south |
| Boycott | the Montgomery bus company ended it's bus segregation policy in 1958 largely due to this type of protest led by Martin Luther King Jr. |
| Vietcong | these were the guerilla fighters in Vietnam that had a superior knowledge of the land than the US soldiers |
| Watergate Scandal | President Nixon resigned from the presidency due to this scandal |
| Lyndon Johnson | this president sent large #'s of combat troops to Vietnam to aid the government of the South |
| Oil | the 1991 Persian Gulf war revolved largely around the desire for different groups to control the supply of this resource |
| Tinker v. DesMoines | this supreme court case in 1969 ruled that students do have the right of free expression while on school grounds |
| Slavery | the 13th amendment which was passed after the Civil War, outlawed the practice of ... |
| 14th amenment | this amendment that was passed after the Civil War, guarantees the right to citizenship to all Americans |
| Right to vote | the 15th amendment to the constitution gave black men this right |
| Carpetbagger | this term referred to Northerners who moved to the south after the Civil War for personal gain (political jobs) |
| Scalawag | this derogatory term referred to the southerners who went along with the Radical Plan of Reconstruction |
| separate by race | the term SEGREGATE means to ... |
| Lincoln | to Reconstruct our nation after the Civil War, he proposed a plan that would not punish southerners harshly |
| Manifest Destiny | this term refers to the desire of Americans in mid 1800's to expand control of the continent |
| Custer's Last Stand | this attack by Sioux warriors on the US cavalry in 1876 started the Indian Wars |
| Wounded Knee Massacre | in 1890, over 200 Sioux were massacred by the state militia in the Dakotas. This is known as the |
| Mexico, China, and Ireland | many of the transcontinental Railroad were immigrants from these 3 countries |
| Sod | because pioneer farmers faced lumber shortages, many were forced to construct homes out of ... |
| Railroad Middlemen | pioneer farmers relied upon trains to ship their goods cross country, sadly these men took advantage of the farmers because of the shipping monopoly's power |
| Capitalism | this term represents the US economic system which is based on private ownership of property and businesses |
| Mass | Henry Ford used the assembly line to help "___________ produce" the Model T |
| Ellis Island | island in NY Harbor which served as the main processing center for the New Immigrants of the late 1800's |
| Religious | Irish Immigrants were often persecuted because of their _______________beliefs |
| Robber Baron | this term refers to a big business owner of the late 1800's who was ruthless towards his workers and competition |
| labor union | this organization of workers formed as a way to negotiate with business owners who mistreated their employees |
| Sam Gompers | he formed the AFL which was the most successful labor union of the late 1800's |
| monopoly | is a business that has complete control over an entire industry |
| Andrew Carnegie | he had a powerful Steel Monopoly during the Industrial Revolution |
| John Rockefeller | he had a powerful Oil monopoly during the Industrial Revolution |
| Tariff | a tax on imported goods. this was done to protect businesses from foreign competitors |
| Triangle Shirtwaist Fire | this 1911 disaster in NYC highlighted the terrible conditions in which young female immigrant workers endured. |
| Muckraker | this term refers to Progressive Era Journalists who wrote articles that exposed corruption, poverty, and other abuses |
| Ida Tarbell | she wrote a muckraking account of the crooked business practices of Rockefeller |
| Upton Sinclair | his muckraking account of the meat packing plant led to the passage of the Meat-Inspection Act |
| Square Deal | this was Teddy Roosevelt's economic policy of fairness for consumers and workers |
| Trustbuster | Teddy Roosevelt's nickname due to his ability to break up monopolies during his presidency |
| Conservation | Teddy Roosevelt's policy of protecting natural resources and creating National Parks |
| Jacob Riis | his pictures that he presented in his book "How the Other Half Lives" portrayed the horrors of tenement life |
| Jane Addams | she opened Hull House which was a settlement house in Chicago which was there to help the impoverished |
| Sweatshop | this term refers to a factory with terrible and unsafe conditions |
| Intervention | the foreign policy of____________ had the US send the military into foreign regions to help them settle local problems there |
| Isolation | the foreign policy of ____________was based on George Washington's idea to remain out of the affairs of foreign powers |
| Imperialism | the period after the Civil War in which the US began acquiring territories overseas is called |
| Big Stick Policy | Teddy Roosevelt's foreign policy in which the US would get involved in problems overseas is called |
| Neutrality | the US at the start of both WWI and WWII the US did not get involved militarily. This policy is called |
| USS MAine | this destruction of this US ship in Havana Harbor pulled us into the Spanish-American War in 1898 |
| Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines | as a result of the Spanish-American war, the US acquired these 3 overseas colonies |
| Rough Riders | Teddy Roosevelt led a regiment of old cowboy friends and college buddies in Cuba called the |
| Panama Canal | Teddy Roosevelt believed that building the __________ in Central America would help the US improve international trade |
| Alliances | many nations were pulled into WWI because they were part of secret ______________ |
| Militarism | the massive buildup of national armies and weapons development prior to WWI is called |
| Reparations | Germany was forced to pay France and Britain billions of dollars after losing WWI. these payments were called |
| League of Nations | After WWI, world powers created this organization in order to prevent future wars. The US and USSR did not join it. |
| Flapper | young women during the 1920's who flouted traditional roles of women, often irritating the older generation |
| Conservativism | this political group opposed Progresses in that they wanted less government interference in business and private life |
| Return to Normalcy | this campaign slogan by Warren Harding reflected the idea of rejecting foreign relations after WWI and rejecting Progressive reforms |
| Silver Screen | the rise of popular movies during the 1920's led to creation of this nickname for the theaters |
| Prohibition | the 19th amendment led to the______________of alcohol |
| Hooverville | during the Depression, these shanty towns filled with homeless sprung up on the outskirts of cities |
| Fireside Chat | FDR used the radio to outline his policies and gain support. This was called |
| FDIC | this New Deal agency insures one's money in the bank |
| Public Works | FDR's New Deal invested great deals of money in the building of bridges, roads, tunnels, etc... these are called |
| Deficit | FDR spent more money than the US gov't took in as taxes. this is called____________spending |
| Dust Bowl | the terrible dust storms in the midwest during the 1930's is referred to as the |
| The Grapes of Wrath | John Steinbeck's novel which dramatized the plight of the Okies and those impacted by the Dust Bowl |
| FDR and Truman | these two men served as presidents during WWII |
| Appeasement | rather than putting a stop to Hitler's prewar aggression, British and French leaders followed the policy of |
| Genocide | this term was created after the Holocaust. It is defined as the mass murder of entire ethnic or religious groups |
| Blitzkreig | this term describes the Nazi all out war strategy using all branches of military in an invasion |
| Lend Lease Act | in 1941 this US law allowed companies to send war supplies to allied powers even though we were still militarily neutral |
| Ration Coupons | during WWII, consumers needed to present these to retailers in order to purchase certain key foods and fuel sources |
| Axis | Japan, Italy, and Germany made up the________powers during WWII |
| Korematsu vs. United States | this supreme court case supported FDR's decision to put Japanese-Americans into internment camps on the basis of national security |
| Weapons Production | during WWII, US industry led the world in |
| Hiroshima and Nagasaki | the Manhattan project led to the US creating 2 atomic bombs which were dropped on the cities of |
| Berlin Wall | in 1961, communist forces built this to separate the city of Berlin from the Democratic West |
| Bay of Pigs invasion | this failed attempt by Cuban Exiles to retake Cuba from Castro was an embarrassment to the US because we planned it |
| Joe McCarthy | This senator bullied public officials, journalists, and other prominent people to expose their relationship with communists |
| Red Scare | during the cold war, Americans feared that communists were infiltrating our government and military. this was called the |
| Gulf of Tonkin resolution | this gave President Lyndon Johnson to send combat troops to Vietnam to intervene in their Civil war |
| Kent State | in 1970, the protest at this Ohio college campus led to the shooting death of 4 students at the hands of the national guard |
| Soviet Union | Pressure by President Reagan, overspending on military, a failed invasion of Afghanistan, and food shortages led to the fall of the |
| NASA | this US space Agency helped achieve landing men on the moon in 1969 |
| NAACP | this group fights for the legal rights of African Americans in the US |
| Selma march | this march for voting rights in Alabama led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act |
| March on Washington | Martin Luther King Jr. famously addressed the nation with his "I have a dream speech" here in 1963 |
| Black Panthers | during the Civil rights era, this African-American group was very militant and violent in their methods |
| Montgomery Bus Boycott | Rosa Parks refused to leave her seat on the bus. Dr. King used her arrest to lead this major event in Montgomery, AL |
| Freedom Riders | in 1961, these young people rode Greyhound buses in the south to challenge segregation policies at bus stations |
| Miranda vs. Arizona | this supreme court ruling mandated that police officers read the rights of the accused to those they arrest |
| Integration | Jackie Robinson's entry into MLB led to the full ____________ of races in baseball |
| Thurgood Marshall | NAACP lawyer who's success in the Brown case in 1954, helped him become the first African American Supreme court Justice |
| Patriot Act | this law was passed after 9-11-01 gave the Federal Gov't broad powers to secretly investigate citizens without warrants |
| Persian Gulf War | in 1991, Iraq invaded Kuwait. The US sent in troops to fight back Saddam Hussein's invading force. This was was called |
| ISIS | This Sunni led terrorist group is attempting to create their own country in parts of Syria and Iraq |
| 1876 and 2000 | these are 2 times in history in which presidential elections were too close to call initially and led to federal officers to intervene |
| Edward Snowden | this man exposed secret document that the NSA was spying on people both inside and outside the US. He currently lives in Russia |
| Deficit | Americans buy more from Mexico and China than they buy from American companies. this is called a "trade ___________" |
| Trade | The Transcontinental Railroad helped increase interstate commerce. Another word for commerce is _____________________ |
| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution | this gave president Johnson the authority to increase US military involvement in Vietnam |
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