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The New American Dem
Dr. Sanchez Final, UNM Poli Sci 200, American Politics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 527's | Political Organizations formed primarily to influence elections and therefore exempt from most federal taxes |
| Affirmative Action Redistricting | the process of drawing district lines to maximize the number of majority-minority districts |
| Agenda Setting | Making an issue so visible that important political leaders take it seriously; The power of the media through news coverage to focus the public's attention and concern on particular events, problems, issues, personalities, and so on |
| Air wars | A term that refers to the fact that modern campaigns are often a battle of opposing televised advertising campaigns. |
| Bloc Voting | Voting in which nearly all members of an ethnic or racial group vote for the same candidate or party |
| Candidate-centered campaigns | Election campaigns and other political processes in which candidates, not political parties, have most of the initiative and influence. |
| Casework | efforts by members of Congress to help individuals and groups when they have difficulties with federal agencies |
| Caucus | A voluntary group within Congress, formed by members to pursued shared interests' a caucus can cross party, a committee, and even chamber lines. Also meeting of candidate supporters who choose delegates to a state or national convention |
| CNN Effect | Purported ability of TV to raise a foreign tragedy to national prominence by broadcasting vivid pictures |
| Coatails | Positive electoral effect of a popular presidential candidate on congressional candidates of the president's party |
| Common-carrier function | The media's function as an open channel through which political leaders can communicate with the public. |
| Constituency Service | Efforts by members of Congress to secure federal funding for their districts and to help constituents when they have difficulties with federal agencies |
| Critical Election | Election that marks the emergency of a new, lasting alignment of partisan support within the electorate |
| Delegate | a representative who reflects the opinions of those who elected him or her to office |
| Direct Action | Everything from peaceful sit-ins and demonstrations to rise and even rebellion |
| Direct Mail | Computer-generated letters, faxes, and other communications by interest groups to people who might be sympathetic to an appeal for money or support |
| Divided Government | Government in which one party holds the presidency but odes not control both houses of Congress |
| Electoral College | Those chosen to cast a direct vote for president by a process determined by each state |
| Electoral Incentive | Desire to be elected or re-elected to office |
| Electoral System | The way in which a country's constitution or laws translate popular votes into control of public offices |
| Electoral Vote | Cast by electors, with each state receiving one vote for each of its members in the House of Representatives and one vote for each of the members in the Senate |
| Equal-Time rule | Licensing condition promulgated by the FCC requiring any station that gave or sold time to a legally qualified candidate for public office to make equal time avialbale to all such candidates on equal terms |
| Equality of Conditions | The notion that all individuals have a right to a more or less equal part of the material goods that society produces |
| Equality of Opportunity | The notion that individuals should have an eual chance to advance economically throught heir talent and hard work |
| factional (minor) party | A minor party created when a faction within one of the major parties breaks away to form its own party. |
| Fairness Doctrine | FCC regulation, enforcd between 1949 and 1987, the required stations to air contrasting viewpoints on matters of public importance and to give public figures who had been criticized on any of the station's programs a free opportunity to reply |
| Filing Deadlines | the latest date on which a candidate who wishes to be in a primary ballot may file official documents with and.or pay required fees to state election officials |
| Framing | The way in which opinions about an issue ca be altered by emphasizing or de-emphasizing particular facets of that issue |
| Frank | Name given to representatives' and senators' free use of the U.S. mail for sending communications to constituents |
| Free-Rider Problem | Problem that arises when people can enjoy the benefits of group activity without bearing any of the costs |
| Gender Gap | The tendency of women and men to differ in their political attitudes and voting preferences. |
| General Elections | Final election that selects an office-holder |
| Gerrymandering | Drawing boundary lines of congressional districts in order to coner an adcantage on some partisan or political interest |
| Grassroots Lobbying | Racially restrictive provision of certain southern laws after Reconstruction permitting am a to vote if his father or grandfather was eligible to vote before the Civil War |
| Grassroots party | A political party organized at the level of the voters and dependent on their support for its strength. |
| Hard Money | Campaign funds given directly to candidates to spend as they choose. |
| Hired Guns | A term that refers to the professional consultants who run campaigns for high office. |
| Incumbency Advantage | The electoral advantage a candidate enjoys by virtue of being an incumbent, over and above his or her other personal and political characteristics |
| Interest Group | Organization or association of people with common interests that engages in politics on behalf of its members |
| Issue Advocacy Advertising | Advertising campaigns that attempt to influence public opinion in regard to a specific policy proposal |
| Issue Network | A loose collection of interest groups, politicians, bureaucrats, and policy experts who have a particular interest in or responsibility for policy area |
| linkage institution | An institution that serves to connect citizens with government. Linkage institutions include elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media. |
| Lobbying | Interest-Group activities intended to influence directly the decisions that public officials make |
| Lobbyist | One who engages in lobbying, especially as his or her primary job |
| Machine | A highly organized party under the control of a boss and based on patronage and control of government activities. Machines were common in many cities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries |
| Majority-Minority District | District in which a minority groups is the numerical majority of the population |
| Mass Media | Means of communication that are widely affordable and technologically capable of reaching a broad audience |
| Matching Funds | Public moneys (form $3 check-offs on income tax returns) that the Federal Election Commission distributes to primary candidates according to a pre-specified formula. |
| Money chase | A term used to describe the fact that U.S. campaigns are very expensive and candidates must spend a great amount of time raising funds in order to compete successfully. |
| Multiparty system | A system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition. |
| New Media | Cable and satellite TV, fax, email, and the Internet- the media that have gown out of the technological adcances of the past few decades |
| News | The news media's version of reality, usually with an emphasis on timely, dramatic, and compelling events and developments. |
| Nomination | The designation of a particular individual to run as a political party's candidate (its "nominee") in the general election. |
| Objective jounalism | A model of news reporting that is based on the communication of "facts" rather than opinions and that is "fair" in that it presents all sides of partisan debate. |
| Open Seat | A house or Senate race with no incumbent (because of death or retirement) |
| Packaging | A term of modern campaigning that refers to the process of recasting a candidate's record into an appealing image. |
| Party Caucus | All Democratic members of the House or Senate. Members in caucus elect the party leaders, ratify the choice of committee leadrs, and debate party positions on issues |
| Party Coalition | The groups and interests that support a political party. |
| Party Competition | A process in which conflict over society's goals is transformed by political parties into electoral competition in which the winner gains the power to govern. |
| Party Converence | What Republican calls their party caucus |
| Party Identification | A person's subjective feeling of affiliation with a party |
| Party Image | The associations voters make between the parties and particular issues and values. |
| party organizations | the party organizational units at national, state, and local levels. |
| party realignment | An election or set of elections in which the electorate responds strongly to an extraordinarily powerful issue that has disrupted the established political order. A realignment has a lasting impact on public policy, popular support for the parties, and th |
| party-centered campaigns | Election campaigns and other political processes in which political parties, not individual candidates, hold most of the initiative and influence. |
| penny press | newspapers that were sold for a penny in the 1830s. |
| Platform | A statement of a party's positions on the major issues of the day |
| Pluralism | A school of thought holding that plitics is the clash of groups that represent all important interests in society and that check anad balance each other |
| Political Action Committee (PAC) | Specialized organization fo raising and spending campaign funds, often affiliated with an interest group or association |
| Political Activists | People who regularly participate in poliics' they are more interested in and committed to particular issues and candidates than are ordinary citizens |
| political consultants | The professionals who advise candidates on various aspects of their campaigns, such as media use, fundraising, and polling. |
| Political Culture | Collection of beliefs and values about the justification and operation of a country's government |
| Political Efficacy | The belief that the citizen can make a difference in politics by expressing an opinion or acting politically |
| Political Elites | Activists and officeholders who have well-structuredidelogies that bind together their positions on different policy issues |
| Political Entrepreneurs | People willing to assume the costs of forming and maintainging an organization even when others may free-ride on them |
| Political Parties | Groups of like-mined peope who badn together in atn attempt ot take control of government. Parties represent the primary connection between ordinary citizens and the public officials they may elect |
| Political Socialization | The set of of psychological and sociological preposseses by which families, schools, religious organizations, communities, and other societal units inculcate beliefs and values in their members. |
| Popular Vote | the total vote cast across the nation for a candidate |
| President Pro Tempore | The president of the senate, who preside in the absence of the vice president |
| Presidential Primaries | Elections held for the purpose of selecting or instructing national convention delegates |
| Press (news media) | Print, broadcast, cable, and internet organizations that are in the news-reporting business. |
| Primary Election | A preliminary contest that narrows the number of the parties' candidates and determines who will be the nominees in the general election |
| priming | bringing certain policies on issues to the public agenda through the media coverage. |
| Professional Legislature | Legislature whose members serve full-time and for long periods |
| Progressive | Loose aggregation of politicians, political activits, and intellectuals of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to promoted political reforms in an effrot to clean up elections and government |
| Proportional representation (PR) | Electoral system in which parties receive a share of votes in a parliament that is proportional to the popular vote they receive |
| proportional representation | A form of representation in which seats in the legislature are allocated proportionally according to each political party's share of the popular vote. This system enables smaller parties to compete successfully for seats. |
| Prospective Voting | Voting pattern in which citizens look to the future while voting, taking into account each candidat's campaign promises; each election becomes an occasion to decide the future direction of public policies |
| public agenda | the public issues that most demand the attention of government officials. |
| Public Goods | Foods enoyed simultaneously by a groups as opposed to a private good that must be divided up to be shared |
| Public Opinion | The aggregation of people's views about issues, situations, and public figures |
| Rally Round the Flag Effect | The tendency for the public to back presidents in the event of forgein crises |
| Realignment | Shift occurring when the pattern of groups upport for political parties changes ina significant and lasting way |
| Reappointment | Redrawing of electoral district lines to reflect population changes |
| Redistricting | Drawing new boundaries of congressional districts, usally after the decennial census |
| reform party | A minor party that bases its appeal on the claim that the major parties are having a corrupting influence on government and policy. |
| Retrospective Voting | Voting on the basis of past policies rather than guessing at the results of future policies |
| Selection Principle | Guideline according to which stories with certain characteristics are chosen over stories without those characteristics |
| Selective Benefits | Specific private goods that an orgnization proides only to its contributing members |
| Senatorial Courtesy | An informal rule that the Senate will not confirm nominees for positions within a state unless it has the approval of the state's senior senator from the prsiden'ts party |
| Seniority | Practice by which the majority-party member with the longest continuous service on committee becomes the chair |
| service relationship | The situation in which party organizations assist candidates for office but have no power to require them to support the party's main policy positions. |
| Signaling (signaler) function | The accepted responsibility of the media to alert the public to important developments as soon as possible after they happen or are discovered. |
| Single Issue Group | An interest group narrowly focused to influence policy on a single issue |
| single-issue party | A minor party formed around a single issue of overriding interest to its followers. |
| single-member districts | The form of representation in which only the candidate who gets the most votes in a district wins office. |
| Single-Member, Simple-Plurality (SMSP) System | Electoral system in which the country is divided into geographic districts, and the candidates who win the most votes within their districts are elected |
| Social Movement | Broad-based demand for government action on some problem or issue, such as civil rights for blacks, equal rights for women, or environmental protection. |
| Socialization | The end result of all the processes by which social groups give individuals their beliefs and values |
| Soft Money | Money contributed by interest groups, labor unions, and individual donors that is not subject to federal regulation |
| Sound bite | A piece of film or video that shows a candidate speaking in his or her own words |
| split ticket | the pattern of voting in which the individual voter in a given election casts a ballot for one or more candidtates of each major party. |
| Sub Government | Alliance of a congressional committee, an executive agency, and a small number of allied interest groups that combine to dominate policy making in some specified policy area |
| Super Delegates | Certain party leaders-members of the U.S. house and Senate, governors, members of the national committee- who became automatic or ex-officio delegates |
| Ticket-Splitting | Voter selection of candidates form different parties at the same election- for example, A Republican presidential candidate but a Democratic candidate for the House of Representatives |
| Trustee | One who acts on behalf of the interests of the citizens rather than according to he citizens' past preference. Role a representative plays when acting in accordance with his or her own best judgment to decide what is best for the country |
| two-party system | A system in which only two political parties have a real chance of acquiring control of the government. |
| Voter Mobilization | The efforts of parties, groups, and activists to encourage their supporters to turn out for elections |
| Winner-Take All Voting | Any voting procedure in which the candidate with the most votes gets all of the seats or delegates at stake |
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