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SOL World History II
Review for SOL WH II
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Renaissance | "rebirth" of Classical knowledge from Greece and Rome |
| Erasmus | important humanist scholar who wrote "In Praise of Folly" criticizing the Catholic Church |
| Shakespeare | English author who wrote plays, sonnets, and essays during the Renaissance |
| Italian city-states | birthplace of the Renaissance |
| North | direction in which the Renaissance spread first |
| Leonardo Da Vinci | Italian Renaissance artist who painted the Mona Lisa and the Last Supper |
| Michelangelo | Italian Renaissance artist who painted the Sistine Chapel |
| Judaism | world's first major monotheistic religion |
| Christianity | world's largest monotheistic religion; believe Jesus is the messiah |
| Islam | world's fastest growing monotheistic religion; Muhammad is its prophet |
| Torah | written records and beliefs of the Jews |
| Ten Commandments | code of conduct for the Jews given from God to Moses |
| New Testament | for Christians it is the written record of the life and teachings of Jesus |
| Qu'ran/Koran | for Muslims it is the written teachings of Allah as revealed to the prophet Muhammad |
| Five Pillars | rules or code of conduct for Muslims/of Islam |
| Mecca and Medina | holy cities of Islam/for Muslims |
| Hinduism | religion that has many forms of one god (monism) such as Vishnu, Shiva, and Brahma |
| reincarnation | rebirth based on karma; belief of both Hindus and Buddhists |
| karma | knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future consequences; belief of Hinduism and Buddhism related to reincarnation |
| Buddhism | "religion" with no definitive "god" |
| Siddhartha Gautama | founder of Buddhism; the "Buddha" or "Enlightened One" |
| The Four Noble Truths | basic set of beliefs of Buddhists |
| The Eightfold Path | guide for Buddhists to achieve Nirvana/Enlightenment |
| Asoka | emperor who helped to spread Buddhism across India and Southeast Asia |
| Silk Road | trade route from China to Europe |
| Silk Road products and ideas from China | silk, porcelain, paper, and compass |
| Tarns-Saharan Trade Route | North African trade route of the Songhai |
| goods traded by the Songhai | gold and salt |
| goods and ideas from the Ottoman Empire/Middle East | ceramic, coffee, Indian-Arabic numerals, medicine, astronomy, & mathematics |
| goods from the Indian Ocean Trade Route | textiles, spices, & Indian-Arabic numerals |
| Protestant Reformation | period where the power and religious authority of the Catholic Church was challenged |
| Martin Luther | wrote the "95 Theses" launching the Protestant Reformation |
| printing press | spread the knowledge of the Renaissance and ideas of the Protestant Reformation |
| Johannes Gutenburg | created the European printing press |
| Jan Huss and John Wycliffe | pre-Luther Protestant reformers |
| usury | the Catholic Church's idea that charging interest was a sin;challenged by businessmen of the Reformation |
| indlugences | Catholic Church's practice of selling "tickets" to heaven; a sign of Church corruption; challenged by Protestant reformers |
| Martin Luther | founded first Protestant religion-Lutheranism |
| Martin Luther | preached that the Bible was the only true source of God's word and salvation comes from faith alone |
| predestination | belief that God has chosen who has been saved and damned since the creation of the world promoted by John Calvin |
| John Calvin | expanded the Protestant movement, especially to Geneva, Switzerland |
| King Henry VIII of England | dismissed the authority of the Catholic Church in Rome by creating the Church of England-the Anglican Church |
| divorce | reason Henry VIII broke from Rome to create the Church of England/Anglican Church |
| King Henry the VIII of England | appropriated the land and wealth of the Roman Catholic Church in England enriching the crown |
| Queen Elizabeth I of England | perpetuated the Church of England/Anglican Church against the Popes wishes |
| Spanish Armada | Spanish fleet defeated by England's navy in 1588/England most powerful navy in world |
| Queen Elizabeth I of England | English monarch who expanded English colonies in Americas |
| Peasants Revolt | revolt in Germany during the Protestant Reformation |
| effect of Reformation on Germany/Holy Roman Empire | princes converted to Protestant ism so Catholic Church loses power |
| Thirty Years War | war between Catholics and Protestants in the Holy Roman Empire |
| Hapsburgs | ruling family of the Holy Roman Empire that supported Catholic Church during Reformation |
| Cardinal Richileiu | politicized the Thirty Years War which had been religious war |
| Counter/Catholic Reformation | Catholic Church's effort to reassert power of Catholic Church/combat Reformation |
| Council of Trent | reaffirmed Catholic Church's teachings during Counter/Catholic Reformation |
| Jesuits | order of monks founded to spread Catholic teachimgs during Catholic Reformation |
| Ignatius of Loyola | founded the Jesuits |
| Edict of Nantes | provided for religious toleration of Protestant French Huguenots temporarily during Reformation |
| ideas resulting from Protestant Reformation | secularism, religious tolerance, and individualism |
| divine right | belief king's/monarch's authority is granted by God-justification for absolutism |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | sponsored school of navigation leading to Age of Exploration |
| causes of the Age of Exploration | demand for spices, gold, natural resources and desire to spread Christianity |
| Vasco De Gama | Portuguese explorer who was first to circumnavigate Africa to reach Asia |
| Christopher Columbus | Spanish explorer who "discovered" America |
| Hernando Cortez | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztec Empire |
| Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incan Empire |
| Ferdinand Magellan | Spanish explorer who was "first" to circumnavigate the world |
| Sir Francis Drake | First Englishman to circumnavigate the world |
| Jacques Cartier | Frenchman who explored the St. Lawrence River inland |
| Africa | area where European established trading posts along the coast to trade for slaves and gold |
| Asia | area colonized by small groups of merchants like East India Company |
| Americas | areas where Europeans set up colonies to recreate European society |
| sistema de castas | rigid social system set up by European settlers in Latin American colonies |
| Columbian Exchange | the exchange of products and resources between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres |
| basis of colonial economies in Americas | plantations and mining of precious metals |
| mercantilism | economic trade policy used to enrich Europe at the expense of the colonies |
| Middle Passage | the Atlantic Trade route used to forcibly transport African slaves to the Americas |
| Triangular Trade | trade route connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas |
| exported from colonies to mother countries | raw materials like precious metals and cash crops (ex: tobacco & sugar) |
| sold by mother country to colonies and Africa | finished/manufactured goods |
| Commercial Revolution | period during which mercantilism developed along with banking and insurance industries |
| religion of Mughal India and Ottoman rulers | Islam |
| city the Ottoman's renamed Istanbul | Constantinople |
| area conquered by Mughals | Northern India |
| area conquered by Ottomans | Anatolia Peninsula (Turkey), Balkans, Southwest Asia, & Northern Africa |
| Taj Mahal | architectural achievement of the Mughal rulers of India |
| enclaves | areas, particularly in China, reserved for European trade activity |
| isolationism | foreign policy of Japan until US forced them to open, also US policy until Cold War |
| Shogun | historically, the true ruler of Japan as the emperor was weak |
| Palace of Versailles | built by King Louis XIV of France as a symbol of his absolute power |
| Peter the Great | absolute ruler of Russia known for its Westernization |
| constitutional monarch | type of monarchy in England due to Glorious Revolution |
| King Charles I | English monarch executed due to English Civil War |
| Oliver Cromwell | leader of the forces of the "Roundheads" of who took control of England to establish the "Commonwealth" |
| King Charles II | king who was restored the throne of England at Parliament's request |
| William and Mary | signed the English Bill of Rights becoming first constitutional monarchs of England |
| Glorious Revolution | bloodless revolution in England resulting in William and Mary becoming constitutional monarchs |
| common law | English law not based on social ranking or status, but by on court's rulings |
| Scientific Revoltion | period when people began to look to reason and systematic observation for knowledge |
| Enlightenment | period when people began to use reason to understand law, politics, and human society |
| Nicolas Copernicus | proposed heliocentric theory during Scientific Revolution |
| Galileo Galilei | confirmed heliocentric theory with a telescope during Scientific Revolution |
| Isaac Newton | proposed the theory of gravity during Scientific Revolution |
| William Harvey | discovered blood flows in a closed circulatory system during Scientific Revolution |
| Johannes Kepler | discovered the laws of planetary movement like elliptical orbits during Scientific Revolution |
| Thomas Hobbes | Enlightenment thinker who wrote the Leviathan claiming rulers should have absolute power |
| John Locke | Enlightenment thinker who wrote Two Treatises on Government proposing inalienable rights and the right of the people to revolt |
| Montesquieu | Enlightenment thinker who wrote In the Spirit of Laws advocating for the separation of powers |
| John-Jacques Rousseau | Enlightenment thinker who wrote the Social Contract and supported direct democracy |
| Voltaire | Enlightenment thinker who advocated fore the separation of church and state and religious tolerance |
| Declaration of Independence | written by Thomas Jefferson, included Locke's idea of inalienable rights-inspired by Enlightenement |
| Thomas Jefferson | inspired by Enlightenment, wrote Declaration of Independence |
| Storming of the Bastille | event that sparked the French Revolution |
| Reign of Terror | period of French Revolution when Robespierre and radical Jacobins held mass executions by guilletine |
| King Louis XVI | French monarch executed during French Revolution |
| Napoleon | ends French Revolution by staging coup d'etat and making himself dictator |
| Johann Sebastian Bach | Baroque composer during Enlightenment |
| Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart | Classical composer during the Enlightenmet |
| Eugene De La Croix | French Romantic painter during Enlightenment |
| Romanticism | style of art that focused on natural scenes and people during Enlightenment |
| Miguel Cervantes | introduced new literary style, the novel, by writing Don Quixote during the Enlightenment |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | period during Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment when technology was added to farming |
| peninsulares | Spanish born in Spain-served as viceroys & colonial officers in Latin American colonies |
| creoles/criollos | American born children and descendants of peninsulares who led successful revolution of independence in Latin America |
| Amerinidians | native population of Latin America first enslaved by Europeans then granted legal protections |
| mestizos | the people of mixed descent (part Spanish & part Amerindian) in Latin American colonies |
| Toussaint L'Ouverture | led Haitian slaves to revolt for independence and abolition of slavery |
| Father Miguel Hidlago | began the Mexican Revolution for independence with the Grito de Dolores |
| Simon Bolivar | known as the 'liberator', led revolutions of independence in Northern South America (Ecuador, Colombia, & Venezuela) |
| Monroe Doctrine | warned Europe that US would not tolerate attempts to dominate Latin America/recognized Latin American independence |
| Napoleon | created French Empire but failed to unify Europe under French domination |
| Napoleonic Code | legal code created by Napoleon to create uniform set of laws & spread Enlightenment |
| Congress of Vienna | crafted Post-Napoleonic Europe by: restoring conservative monarchs, redrawing European borders; balancing power |
| political ideologies resulting from Congress of Vienna | conservatives (anti-Enlightenment) and liberals (pro-Enlightenment) |
| Revolutions of 1848 | political uprising in Europe resulting from actions of Congress of Vienna; liberals lost-conservatives won |
| nationalism | idea different ethnicities deserved their own nation or extreme pride in one's nation; cause for German & Italian unification and WWI |
| Otto Von Bismarck | political leader in Prussia and then Germany who led German unification |
| realpolitik | Otto Von Bismarck's theory anything that needs to be done to maintain power is justifiable |
| Franco-Prussian War | final war leading to German unification |
| Count Cavour | politician who unified northern Italy |
| Giuseppe Garibaldi | joined southern Italy to northern Italy through guerilla warfare by his "Red Shirts" during Italian unification |
| the Papal States | area controlled by Roman catholic Pope which was last to join unified Italy |
| Emmanuel I | the first king of unified Italy |
| Wilhelm I | the first king of unified Germany |
| Industrial Revolution | era during which cottage industry work was replaced by factory work due to mechanization |
| textile industry | first industry of the Industrial Revolution |
| James Hargreaves | invented the spinning jenny-one machine could do the work of 16 people |
| Eli Whitney | invented the cotton gin which resulted in higher demand for slave labor and land |
| Louis Pasteur | discovered bacteria |
| home of the Industrial Revolution | England |
| James Watt | improved steam engine leading to Industria Revolution |
| Henry Bessemer | developed the Bessemer Process to create steel during the Industrial revolution |
| Edward Jenner | developed a smallpox vaccine during the Industrial Revolution |
| entered the workforce during the Industrial Revolution | women and children |
| womens' suffrage movement | movement for women to gain the vote which began during Industrial Revolution |
| labor unions | protested for better working conditions and wages during Industrial Revolution |
| strikes | method of protest commonly used by labor unions |
| capitalism | economic theory which believes the government should stay out of the economy |
| socialism | economic theory that believes the government should control the economy to protect workers |
| Adam Smith | wrote the Wealth of Nations explaining capitalism |
| Karl Marx | wrote the Communist Manifesto explaining socialism and communism |
| laissez-faire economics | meaning "hands-off," it is another name for capitalism |
| invisible hand | the law of supply and demand that governs capitalism |
| colonies | form of imperialism where a "mother country" (the colonizer) takes complete social, economic, and political control of an area |
| sphere of influence | type of imperialism where an independent country is carved up in places where foreign countries dominate business/the economy |
| protectorate | type of imperialism where a country trades "protection" for economic and political influence |
| Suez Canal | British and French controlled passage through Egypt which shortened route to Asia |
| Boer Wars | wars between Dutch and British over colonization of Southern Africa |
| Boxer Rebellion | Rebellion in China against Western European influence during Age of Imperialism |
| Indian National Party/Congress | Indian political movement for independence-led boycotts of British goods |
| Hindu nationalism | Indian response to European Christian missionary efforts |
| Commodore Perry | US naval leader who forced Japan to open its doors to trade |
| militarism | build up of a nations armed forces and armaments in anticipation of war or for imperialism-cause of WWI |
| alliances | mutual defense pacts-cause of WWI as it dragged nations into war |
| imperialism | the effort to create an empire through colonization especially-cause of WWI as led to European competition |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | heir to Austro-Hungarian throne, his assassination by Serbian nationalist led to outbreak of WWI |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | leader of Germany during WWI |
| unrestricted submarine warfare | German use of submarines to attack civilian ships during WWI-brought US in to war |
| Lusitania | luxury passenger ship sunk by German unrestricted submarine warfare during WWI |
| Zimmerman Note | German letter soliciting alliance with Mexico against US-interception led US to join war |
| Triple Alliance/Central Powers | enemy alliance of US and Britain during WWI-included Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (at first), and the Ottoman Empire |
| Triple Entente | alliance friendly to US in WWI-included Russia, Britain, & France |
| Allied Powers | victorious alliance US joined in both WWI & WWII-included Britain, France, & Russia/USSR both times |
| Russian Revolution of 1917 | Bolshevik Revolution which led to execution of Czar Nicholas and establishment of communism |
| Czar Nicohals II | incompetent ruler of Russia during WWI who failed to industrialize, modernize, or create taxation system |
| Russo-Japanese War | war lost by Russia to Japan in 1905 which started a revolution that failed, but was completed by the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution |
| condition of Russian peasants | poor and landles |
| Vladimir Lenin | leader of the Bolshevik Party & Bolshevik Revolution-became the leader of Russia/USSR |
| Russian Civil War | response to the victory of the Bolshevik Revolution-Communist Reds vs. anti-Communist Whites (Reds won) |
| reason Russia exited WWI | Russian Revolution and Lenin taking power |
| Woodrow Wilson | US President during WWI and creator of the League of Nations through his 14 Points-his plan for peace |
| reparations | vast sums of money ordered to be paid by Germany for WWI damages |
| Treaty of Versailles | punitive peace treaty Germany's Wiemar Republic was forced to sign after WWI-divided into Articles |
| war guilt clause | paper Germany had to sign accepting all blame for staring WWI |
| empires dismantled after WWI | German Empire, Ottoman Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, & Russian Empire |
| New Economic Poicy | Lenin's economic policy for Russia to reintroduce capitalism to take a gradual approach to instituting communism |
| Joseph Stalin | Lenin's successor and leader of USSR during WWI as well as start of Cold War |
| 5 Year Plans | Stalin's economic plans for state controlled economy with collectivization of agriculture and industrialization-full scale communism |
| Abyssinia/Ethiopia | country invaded by Mussolini's Italy before WWII |
| Manchuria | region of China invaded by Japan before WWII |
| appeasement | failed European policy of giving into Hitler's demands to avoid conflict |
| FLAW | failures of League of Nations: formed without US, lacked military, aggression not stopped, was unable to maintain peace |
| mandate system | system used to after WWI for European countries to control areas not deemed ready for independence (Africa & Middle East) |
| tariffs | taxes on imported goods that ruined world trade leading into the Depression |
| Roaring Twenties | period of prosperity US enjoyed briefly before the Depression |
| Black Tueday | Oct. 29, 1929 day of stock market crash-trigger of the Depression |
| lines of credit | used by people who wanted to invest in stock but didn't have the money-essentially bad loans leading to Depression |
| bank runs | term for when people panicked and ran to banks to take out their money before they collapsed during the Depression |
| Dust Bowl | terrible drought that destroyed American farming during the Depression |
| inflation | when prices rise relative to the value of money-a cause of the Great Depression |
| single party state/dictatorship | nation ruled by one political party (ex: Nazi Germany, Communist USSR) |
| Wiemar Republic | German government at end of WWI forced to sign Treaty of Versialles |
| Nazi Party | German party of National Socialism; party of Hitler |
| Nuremburg Laws | Hitler's first set of Anti-Semetic legislation-stripped Jews of German citizenship and banned intermarriage |
| Final Solution | end of Holocaust-period when Hitler tried to exterminate all Jews |
| Holocaust | genocide against the Jews and others like gypsies during WWII under Hitler |
| Great Purge | period when Stalin used NKVD to execute or imprison anyone suspected of disloyalty or dissatisfaction with his rule |
| Fascist | political party of Mussolini; party of Italy's single-party state in WWII |
| Axis Powers | alliance between Italy, Germany, & Japan during WWII |
| Hirohito | emperor of Japan during WWII |
| Hideki Tojo | military dictator of Japan during WWII; ordered invasion of Manchuria & bombing of Pearl Harbor |
| Benito Mussolini | leader of Italy during WWII |
| self-determination | belief advocated for by Woodrow Wilson that a people should have self-governance |
| Sudetenland | piece of Czechoslovakia given to Hitler at Munich Conference due to appeasement |
| Anschluss of Austria | annexation of Austria by Germany under Hitler-violation of Treaty of Verailles |
| Poland | invasion of this country by Hitler in 1939 launched WWII |
| Battle of Britain | 1940 battle "air war" fought between Britain and Nazi Germany |
| Non-Aggression Pact | agreement between Hitler and Stalin to stay out of each other's way leading into WWII |
| Pearl Harbor | US naval base attacked by Japan drawing US into WWII |
| D-Day | US "storming of the beaches of Normandy" leading to liberation of France & Western Europe from Nazi control |
| Hiroshima and Nagasaki | Japanese cities US dropped atomic bombs on in 1945 ending WWII |
| Marshall Plan | US plan to rebuild European economies with money and aid after WWII |
| satellite nations | nickname for nations in Soviet sphere of influence during Cold War |
| NATO | alliance between US and nations in our sphere of influence during Cold War |
| Warsaw Pact | alliance between USSR and nations in their sphere of influence during Cold War |
| Iron Curtain | what the nations in the Soviet sphere of influence "fell behind" during the Cold War |
| occupation zones | Germany and Korea were divided into these following WWII |
| Berlin | city in Germany that became focus of US/USSR tensions |
| Berlin Airlift | measure taken by US to help Western Berliners during Berlin Crisis/Blockade |
| Berlin Crisis | period when US and USSR were in standoff over what to do with Berlin |
| Berlin Wall | "solution" USSR and East Germany came up with to deal with the Berlin Crisis |
| Yalta & Potsdam | conferences between Stalin, Roosevelt, & Churchill to decide what to do when WWII ended-spheres of influence decided-Origin of Cold War |
| Truman Doctrine | statement by President Truman that US would protect any nation threatened by communism during Cold War |
| containment | Cold War policy created by Truman Doctrine |
| Mao Zedong | leader of communist Red Army in Chinese Civil War-became leader of communist China as a result |
| domino theory | theory that countries would fall to communism one by one like a set of dominoes-cause of"Containment" policy during Cold War |
| Jiang Jeishi/Chaing Kai Shek | leader of Nationalist forces during Chinese Civil War-lost |
| People's Republic of China | communist mainland China |
| Republic of China | capitalist democracy now known as Taiwan |
| 38th parallel | latitude line that divides North and South Korea |
| DMZ/Demilitarized Zone | heavily armed border diving North and South Korea as no peace treaty has been signed |
| Korean Conflict (War) | first proxy war during Cold War-ends with North and South as 2 nations |
| Vietnam Police Action (War) | proxy war of Cold War that US lost-Vietnam is communist nation |
| country that supported North Korea during Korean War | China |
| Ho Chi Minh | leader of Nationalist forces in Vietnam War-US enemy |
| Viet Cong/Viet Minh | victorious Nationalist forces of Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam War` |
| French Indochina | colonial name of Vietnam |
| Nikita Khrushchev | leader of Soviet Union during Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | international crisis between US and USSR due to Khrushchev placing nuclear missiles in Cuba |
| Fidel Castro | communist leader of Cuba who allowed Khrushchev to place nuclear missiles in Cuba |
| United Nations | replaced the failed League of Nations after WWII-international peace-keeping organization |
| Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man | document created by United Nation to provide code of conduct to protect inalienable rights around the world |
| Adolf Hitler | leader of Germany & the Nazi Party responsible for WWII and the Holocaust |
| Franklin Delano Roosevelt | US president during the Great Depression and WWII- famous for his "fireside chats" |
| Winston Churchill | Prime Minister of England during WWII-US ally |
| Harold Truman | US President who ended WWII by authorizing use of atomic bomb on Hiroshima & Nagasaki Japan |
| Dwight D. Eisenhower | US General who was the Commander of the Allied forces in Europe-led D-Day invasion-liberated Western Europe from Nazi control, later became President of US |
| Douglas MacArthur | US General who was Commander in the Pacific Theater of WWII & then in charge of occupation of Japan and Korean War |
| Bataan Death March | march of US soldiers to prisoner camps in Philippines after MacArthur's forces defeated |
| island-hopping | method used by US General MacArthurto liberate Philippines & defeat Japan in the Pacific Theater of WWII |
| George C. Marshall | US General who recruited large military for WWII & created Marshall Plan for rebuilding of Europe |
| Nuremburg Trials | Trials of Nazi war criminals for things like "crimes against humanity" following WWII |
| Jomo Kenyatta | led revolution for independence of Kenya following WWII |
| African National Congress (ANC) | led the revolution for independence and to end apartheid in South Africa following WWII |
| Nelson Mandela | led the ANC to win South African independence, end apartheid, and become 1st Black President of South Africa |
| Algeria | fought violent war for independence against French colonizers following WWII |
| Western Africa | region of Africa that achieved independence peacefully after WWII |
| Mohandas Gandhi | leader of the Indian independence movement-led the Indian National Party/Congress |
| caste system | social structure of India dictated by Hinduism |
| Jawaharlal Nehru | Indian Nationalist who wanted to make India like the Western democracies |
| French Madates | Syria & Lebanon |
| British Mandates | Palestine & Transjordan |
| Ottoman Empire | part of WWI Central Powers, divided into mandates following its defeat by Allied Powers |
| Apartheid | system of racial segregation imposed in South Africa-designed to keep the races "apart" |
| Golda Meir | Prime Minister of Israel who led Israel to victory in Yom Kippur War |
| Gamal Abdul Nasser | President of Egypt who nationalized Suez Canal and built the Aswan Dam |
| places where genocides have ocurred | Rwanda, Kosovo, Cambodia, Armenia, Germany, Poland, USSR |
| Act of Supremacy | in England, made king the head of Anglican Church diminishing authority of the Catholic Church & Pope |
| Margaret Thatcher | Prime Minister of England who was good friend to US beacuse like US, she supported free trade and a powerful military |
| Northern Ireland Conflict | conflict for political control between Protestant and Catholics up until the 1990s |
| examples of terrorism | 9/11, Northern Ireland Conflict |
| examples of international trade networks | NAFTA, EU, WTO |
| International Monetary Fund | international "bank" that provides loans for development & tries to stabilize the international economy |
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dmunoz2
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