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Psy-CH 2-7
Psychology of Language - Review test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Duality of Patterning | A grammatical concept that is basic to the study language A feature of a communication system in which a small number of meaningless units can be combined into a large number of meaningful units. |
| Phones | Speech sounds |
| Phonemes | Differences in sounds that make a contribution to meaning; they are indicated by slashes |
| Distinctive features | When a feature distinguishes one phoneme from another |
| Morphology | The study of (1) how words are structured (2) how words are put together from smaller parts (3) how language build words and indicate grammar relationships between words |
| Morpheme | The smallest meaningful unit in a language |
| Phrase-structure rules(PS rules) | Part of every language user's knowledge of his or her language is the knowledge of how constituents are put together and categorized in that language |
| Linguistics productivity | Our ability to create and comprehend novel utterances |
| Within linguistic theory, Langauge is | An infinite set of well-formed sentences |
| Within linguistic theory , a Grammar is | A formal device with a finite set of rules that generates the sentences in the language |
| Deep structure (from PS rules) | The level of linguistic structure assumed in transformation grammar (TG) that express the underlying semantic meaning of a sentence |
| Surface structure (from TG rules) | The level of syntactic structure assumed in TG that is closer to the phonetic specification of an utterance. |
| Derivational theory of complexity(DTC) | States the psychological complexity of a sentence is directly proportional to the length of its derivation. |
| Arbitrariness | No intrinsic relationship exist between the set of sounds and the object to which the sounds refer. |
| Four basic grammatical concepts | (1) Duality of patterning (2) Morphology (3) Phrase structure (4) Linguistic productivity |
| working memeory | a temporary repository of information that is relevant for ongoing cognitive tasks |
| long term memory | as a memory structure that holds permanent knowledge |
| semantic memory | our organized knowledge of words,concepts,symbols and objects |
| episodic memory | our experience from our personal perspective |
| object permanence | children's understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be perceived |
| speech perception module | the best candidate for the status of a special language module |
| parallel processing | distruibuted processing views that the mind as simultaneously processing a large amount of information |
| modularity theorists | regard language as one of a series of distinct modules |
| automatic tasks | tasks that do not require substantial resources |
| serial processing | if a group of processes takes place one at a time |
| Stress | the emphasis given to syllables in a sentence |
| suprasegmentals | prosodic factors such as stress, intonation and rate |
| voicing | concerns whether the vocal cords are together or separated when the lung air travels over them |
| Dual-route model | we have two different ways of converting print to speech |
| speaker normalization | listeners use the pitch of the speech signal as a cue for vocal tract size and make perceptual adjustments on this basis |
| TRACE model | challenges the assumption, found in the modularity view, that phonemic processing is unaffected by higher levels of processing |
| coarticulation | the phenomenon of producing more than one speech sound at a given time |
| The lack of invariances | there is no one-to-one correspondence between acoustic cues and perceptual events |
| Formant transitions | the large rises or drops in formant frequency that occur over short durations of time |
| Fixation | the time that we spend at a given location between eye movements |
| Lexical access | the process by which we activate our word knowledge |
| The reference of a word | the relationship between words and things in the world |
| Semantic priming | occurs when a word presented earlier activates another, semantically related word. |
| Spreading activation models | words are presented in the internal lexicon in a network, but the organization is not strictly hierarchical |
| Autonomous search model | one of the earliest and most influential models of lexical access |
| Meronymy | pertains to the parts of an object referred to by a word |
| Currently, the main idea regarding the "organization of the lexicon" is that it is set up as a | "semantic network" of interconnected elements |
| Children learn ________ first and adults also use them when asked to name an example of a concept. | basic-level terms |
| Late closure strategy | states that wherever possible, we prefer t oattach new item to the current constituent. |
| An utterance with a(n) illocutionary force | is commonly referred to as a "speech act" |
| What are the two types of figurative language that have been examined most intensively in psycholinguistics research | In direct speech acts & metaphor |
| What is a particular form of elaborative processing | the draing of inferences |
| Instantiation | we seem to be identifying a general term with a specific meaning, this process know as |
| Lakoff & Johnson have argued that "metaphors " are | instantiations of underlying conceptual metaphors |
| Parsing | the process of assigning elements of surface structure to linguistics categories. |
| Narrative discourse | can be contrasted with expository discourse, in which the goal of the writer is not to tell a story but rather to convey information about the subject matter. |
| Anaphor | When we use an expression to refer back to something previously mentioned in discourse, the referring expression is called |
| 3 ways we store discourse | surface representation ,propositional representations & situational models |
| Situational modes | retained the best and are based on spaial or causal relations between parts of a text |
| Episodes have a characteristics structure | some initiating event occurs, leading to some internal response on the part of the protagonist |
| Bridging inference | If we don't have a direct antecedent for the given information, we can still tie the sentences together by making a bridging inference. |
| schemata, which are structures in ____________ that specify the usual arrangement of information in a text. | Semantic memory |
| Bresnan's lexical-functional grammar has sometimes been called | psychologically realistic grammar |
| A parameter | is a grammatical feature that can be set to any of several values |
| A distinctive feature | is a characteristics of a speech sound whose presence or absence distinguishes the sound from other sounds |
| Four pervasive properties | are duality of patterning, morphology, phrase structure, and linguistic productivity |
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bettytseng122
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