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HSCI 131
Chapter 15 Nervous System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| afferent | carry or move inward or toward a central structure |
| blood-brain barrier | protective mechanism that blocks specific substances found in the bloodstream from entering delicate brain tissue |
| efferent | carry or move away from a central structure |
| limbic system | complex neural system located beneath the cerebrum that controls basic emotions and drives and plays an important role in memory |
| neurilemma | additional external myelin sheath that is formed by Schwann cells and found only on axons in the peripheral nervous system |
| ventricle | organ chamber or cavity that receives or holds fluid |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum |
| cerebrotomy | incision of the cerebrum |
| crani/o | cranium (skull) |
| craniomalacia | softening of the cranium |
| encephal/o | brain |
| encephalocele | herniation of the brain |
| gangli/o | ganglion (knot or knotlike mass) |
| gangliectomy | excision of a ganglion |
| gli/o | glue (neuroglia tissue) |
| glioma | tumor composed of neuroglial tissue |
| kinesi/o | movement |
| bradykinesia | condition of slow movement |
| lept/o | thin, slender |
| leptomeningopathy | disease of the thin meninges |
| lex/o | word, phrase |
| dyslexia | difficulty using words |
| mening/o or meningi/o | meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) |
| meningocele | herniation of the meninges |
| meningioma | tumor in the meninges |
| myel/o | bone marrow; spinal cord |
| poliomyelitis | inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord |
| narc/o | stupor; numbness; sleep |
| narcotic | relating to sleep |
| neur/o | nerve |
| neurolysis | destruction of a nerve |
| radicul/o | nerve root |
| radiculalgia | pain in the nerve root |
| sthen/o | strength |
| hypersthenia | condition of excessive strength |
| thalam/o | thalamus |
| thalamotomy | incision of the thalamus |
| thec/o | sheath (usually refers to meninges) |
| intrathecal | pertaining to the space within a sheath |
| ton/o | tension |
| dystonia | poor (muscle) tone |
| ventricul/o | ventricle (of the heart or brain) |
| ventriculitis | inflammation of the ventricles (of the heart or brain) |
| -algesia | pain |
| analgesia | absence of (a normal sense of) pain |
| -algia | pain |
| synalgia | joined (referred) pain |
| -asthenia | weakness, debility |
| myasthenia | muscle weakness |
| -esthesia | feeling |
| hyperesthesia | increased feeling |
| -kinesia | movement |
| hyperkinesia | excessive movement (hyperactivity) |
| -lepsy | seizure |
| narcolepsy | seizure of sleep |
| -paresis | partial paralysis |
| hemiparesis | partial paralysis of one-half (of the body) |
| -phasia | speech |
| aphasia | without speech |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| -taxia | order, coordination |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of four extremities |
| ataxia | without coordination |
| pachy- | thick |
| pachymeningitis | inflammation of the dura mater |
| para- | near, beside; beyond |
| paraplegia | paralysis of the lower body and limbs |
| syn- | union, together, joined |
| synalgia | referred pain |
| uni- | one |
| unilateral | pertaining to one side |
| agnosia | inability to comprehend auditory, visual, spatial, olfactory, or other sensations, even though the sensory sphere is intact |
| asthenia | weakness, debility, or loss of strength |
| ataxia | lack of muscle coordination in the execution of voluntary movement |
| closed head trauma | injury to the head in which the dura mater remains intact and brain tissue is not exposed |
| coma | abnormally deep unconsciousness with an absence of voluntary response of stimuli |
| concussion | injury to the brain, occasionally with transient loss of consciousness, as a result of trauma to the head |
| convulsion | any sudden and violent contraction of one or more voluntary muscles |
| dementia | broad term that refers to cognitive deficit, including memory impairment |
| dyslexia | inability to learn and process written language, despite adequate intelligence, sensory ability and exposure |
| Guillain-Barre syndrome | autoimmune condition that causes acute inflammation of the peripheral nerves in which myelin sheaths on the axons are destroyed, resulting in decreased nerve impulses, loss of reflux responses, and sudden muscle weakenss |
| herpes zoster | acute inflammatory eruption of highly painful vesicles on the trunk of the body, or occasionally the face (shingles) |
| huntington chorea | inherited disease of the CNS characterized by quick, involuntary movements, speech disturbances and mental deterioration |
| hydrocephalus | accumulation of fluid in the ventricles of the brain, causing increased intracranial pressure, thinning of brain tissue, and separation of cranial bones |
| acquired hydrocephalus | hydrocephalus that develops at birth or any time afterward as a result of injury or disease |
| congenital hydrocephalus | hydrocephalus caused by factors that occur during fetal development or as a result of genetic abnormalities |
| lethargy | abnormal inactivity or lack of response to normal stimuli |
| anencephaly | congenital deformity in which some or all of fetal brain is missing |
| spina bifida | congenital deformity of the neural tube (embryonic structure that becomes the fetal brain and spinal cord) which fails to close during fetal development |
| meningocele | form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord develops properly but the meninges protrude through the spine |
| myelomeningocele | most severe form of spina bifida in which the spinal cord and meninges protrude through the spine |
| occulta | form of spina bifida in which one or more vertebrae are malformed and the spinal cord is covered with a layer of skin |
| palsy | paralysis, usually partial, and commonly characterized by weakness and shaking or uncontrolled tremor |
| Bell palsy | facial paralysis caused by a functional disorder of the seventh cranial nerve |
| cerebral palsy | type of paralysis that affects movement and body position and sometime speech and learning ability |
| paralysis | loss of voluntary motion in one or more muscle groups with or without loss of sensation |
| hemiplegia | paralysis of one side of the body, typically as the result of a stroke |
| paraplegia | paralysis of both lower limbs, typically as a result of trauma or disease of the lower spinal cord |
| quadriplegia | paralysis of both arms and legs, commonly resulting in bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction |
| paresthesia | sensation of numbness, prickling, tingling or heightened sensitivity |
| poliomyelitis | inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis |
| Reye syndrome | acute encephalopathy and fatty infiltration of the brain, liver, and possibly the pancreas, heart, kidney, spleen and lymph nodes |
| syncope | brief loss of consciousness and posture cased by a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain (fainting) |
| electroencephalography | recording of electrical activity in the brain, whose cells emit distinct patterns of rhythmic impulses |
| electromyography | recording of electrical signals (action potentials) that occur in a muscle when it is at rest and during contraction to assess muscular disease or nerve damage |
| lumbar puncture | needle puncture of the spinal cavity to extract spinal fluid for diagnostic purposes, introduce anesthetic agents into the spinal canal, or remove fluid to allow other fluids to be injected (spinal tap) |
| nerve conduction velocity | test that measures the speed at which impulses travel through a nerve |
| cryosurgery | technique that exposes abnormal tissue to extreme cold to destroy it |
| stereotactic radiosurgery | precisely focused radiation beams are used to treat tumors and other abnormal growths in the brain, spinal column and other body sites, and delivers high doses of radiation to the tumor with minimal exposure to surrounding healthy tissue |
| thalamotomy | partial destruction of the thalamus to treat intractable pain; involuntary movements, including tremors in Parkinson disease; or emotional disturbances |
| tractotomy | transection of a nerve tract in the brain stem or spinal cord |
| trephination | technique that cuts a circular opening into the skull to reveal brain tissue and decrease intracranial pressure |
| ventriculoperitoneal shunting | relieves intracranial pressure due to hydrocephalus by diverting excess CSF from the ventricles into the peritoneal or thoracic cavity |
| CSF analysis | lab test to examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord; used to diagnose disorders of the central nervous system; including viral and bacterial infections, tumors and hemorrhage |
| angiography | radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel after infection of a contrast medium |
| computed tomography angiography | angiography in combination with a CT scan to produce high resolution, 3-D vascular images of the blood vessels |
| discography | CT scan of the lumbar region after injection of a contrast medium to detect problems with the spine and spinal nerve roots |
| echoencephalography | ultrasound technique used to study intracranial structures of the brain and diagnose conditions that cause a shift in the midline structures of the brain |
| magnetic source imaging | noninvasive neuroimaging technique to pinpoint the specific location where seizure activity originates and enable custom surgical treatment for tumor and epileptic tissue resection |
| myelography | radiographic examination to detect pathology of the spinal cord, including the location of the spinal cord injury, cysts, and tumors following injection of a contract medium |
| positron emission tomography | computed tomography that record the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical and produces a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease |
| neurons | transmit impulses |
| neuron structures | cell body, axon (from cell body), dendrites (to cell body) |
| myelin sheath | white, lipoid covering of axon; electrical insulator |
| astrocytes | compose the BBB |
| oligodendrocytes | develop myelin |
| CNS | brain and spinal cord; white and gray matter |
| cerebrum | upper part of brain; two hemispheres; frontal, occipital, parietal, temporal lobes |
| gyri | folds in cerebral surface |
| sulci | fissures in cerebral surface |
| cerebellum | controls movement, posture, balance |
| meninges | cover spinal cord (dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater) |
| peripheral nervous system | all nerve tissue outside spinal column and skull |
| types of nerves | sensory, motor, mixed |
| branches of somatic nervous system | sympathetic (fight or flight), parasympathetic (rest and digest) |
| neurology | branch of medicine concerned with neurological disorders |
| cerebrovascular accident | stroke; ischemic, intracerebral hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| transiet ischemic attack | stroke symptoms that resolves within 24 hours |
| thrombolytic | clot buster |
| epilepsies | chronic seizures |
| aura | warning signal of seizures |
| partial seizure | only portion of brain involved, alteration of consciousness for 10-30 seconds, unusual movements and confusion |
| generalized seizure | entire brain involved |
| tonic-clonic | grand-mal; uncontrolled jerking with contraction and relaxation |
| status epilepticus | multiple grand mal seizures without pause to recover in between |
| Parkinsons disease | shaking palsy; progressive neurological disorder affecting brain part for controlling movement; bradykinesia, joint stiffness, shuffling gait, pill rolling; lack dopamine |
| multiple sclerosis | progressive, degenerative disease of myeline sheath (demyelination) |
| alzheimer disease | progressive neurological disorder causing mental deterioration with plaques in cerebral cortex |
| intracranial tumors | tumors that originate in the brain tissue; primary |
Created by:
arehberg
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