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HSCI 131
Chapter 14 Endocrine System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| antagonistic | acting in opposition; mutually opposing |
| electrolyte | mineral salt (sodium potassium and calcium) that carries an electrical charge in solution |
| glucagon | hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that stimulates the liver to change stored glycogen to glucose |
| glucose | simple sugar that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion |
| insulin | hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that allows body cells to use glucose for energy or store it in the liver as glycogen |
| sympathomimetic | agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system |
| adren/o or adrenal/o | adrenal glands |
| adrenomegaly | enlargement of adrenal glands |
| adrenalectomy | removal of one or both adrenal glands |
| calc/o | calcium |
| hypercalcemia | excessive calcium in the blood |
| crin/o | secrete |
| endocrinology | study of endocrine glands (and their functions) |
| gluc/o or glyc/o or glycos/o | sugar, sweetness |
| glucogenesis | forming or producing glucose |
| hypoglycemia | abnormally low level of glucose in the blood |
| glycosuria | abnormal amount of glucose in the urine |
| home/o | same, alike |
| homeostasis | state of equilibrium in the internal environment of the body |
| kal/i | potassium |
| kalemia | potassium in the blood |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| pancreatotomy | incision of the pancreas |
| parathyroid/o | parathyroid glands |
| parathyroidectomy | excision of (one or more of the) parathyroid glands |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| thymoma | tumor of the thymus gland |
| thyr/o or thyroid/o | thyroid gland |
| thyromegaly | enlargement of the thyroid gland |
| hyperthyroidism | condition of excessive thyroid gland (function) |
| toxic/o | poison |
| toxicologist | specialist in the study of poisons |
| -crine | secrete |
| endocrine | secrete within |
| -dipsia | thirst |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| -gen | forming, producing, origin |
| androgen | any steroid hormone that increases masculinization |
| -toxic | pertaining to poison |
| thyrotoxic | pertaining to poison (associated with) the thyroid gland |
| -uria | urine |
| glycosuria | glucose in the urine |
| eu- | good, normal |
| euthyroid | resembling a normal thyroid gland |
| exo- | outside, outward |
| exocrine | secretes outside (of bloodstream) |
| hyper- | excessive, above normal |
| hyperglycemia | excessive glucose in the blood |
| hypo- | under, below |
| hypoinsulinism | condition of deficiency of insulin |
| poly- | many, much |
| polyuria | excessive urination |
| acromegaly | rare hormonal disorder in adulthood, usually caused by a GH-secreting pituitary tumor (adenoma) that promotes the soft tissue and bones of the face, hands, and feet to grow larger than normal |
| diuresis | increased formation and secretion of urine |
| glycosuria | abnormal amount of glucose in the urine |
| Graves disease | multisystem autoimmune disorder characterized by pronounced hyperthyroidism usually associated with enlarged thyroid glands (goiter) and exophthalmos (abnormal protrusion of the eyeball) |
| hirsutism | excessive distribution of body hair, especially in women |
| hypercalcemia | condition in which the calcium level in the blood is higher than normal |
| hyperkalemia | condition in which the potassium level in the blood is higher than normal |
| hypervolemia | abnormal increase in the volume of blood plasma (liquid part of the blood and lymphatic fluid) in the body |
| hyponatremia | lower than normal level of sodium in the blood |
| insulinoma | tumor of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas |
| obesity | excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds the body's skeletal and physical standards, usually an increase of 20% or more above ideal body weight |
| morbid obesity | BMI of 40 or greater, which is generally 100 or more pounds over ideal body weight |
| panhypopituitarism | total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormone activity |
| pheochromocytoma | small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla, causing elevated heart rate and blood |
| thyroid storm | crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of an increased amount of thyroid hormone |
| virilism | masculinization or development of male secondary sex characteristics in a woman |
| exophthalmometry | measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball as seen in Graves disease |
| parathyroidectomy | excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism |
| transsphenoidal hypophysectomy | endoscopic procedure to surgically remove a pituitary tumor through an incision in the sphenoid sinus (transsphenoidal) without disturbing brain tissue |
| thymectomy | excision of the thymus gland |
| thyroidectomy | excision of the entire thyroid gland (thyroidectomy), a part of it (subtotal thyroidectomy) or a single lobe (thyroid lobectomy) |
| fasting blood sugar | test that measures glucose levels in a blood sample following a fast of at least 8 hours |
| glucose tolerance test | screening test in which a dose of glucose is administered and blood samples are taken afterward at regular intervals to determine how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood |
| insulin tolerance test | diagnostic test in which insulin is injected into the vein to assess pituitary function, adrenal function and to determine insulin sensitivity |
| thyroid function test | test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function |
| total calcium test | test that measures calcium to detect bone and parathyroid disorders |
| computed tomography | imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around an area to be scanned and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles |
| magnetic resonance imaging | noninvasive imaging technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images |
| radioactive iodine uptake | administration of a radioactive iodine in pill or liquid form is used as a tracer to test how quickly the thyroid gland takes up (uptake) iodine from blood |
| thyroid scan | images of the thyroid gland are obtained after oral or intravenous administration of a small dose of radioactive iodine |
| pituitary gland | hypophysis; master gland; stimulates other glands to secrete their own hormones; posterior and anterior portions |
| Isthmus | divides the thyroid gland |
| Thyroid hormones | thyroxine; triiodothyronine |
| parathyroid glands | regulate calcium by stimulating bones, organs, intestines |
| Adrenal glands | Cover superior surface of kidneys; suprarenal glands |
| adrenal cortex | secretes three steroid hormones (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones) |
| adrenal medulla | secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine (sympathomimetics) |
| pineal gland | secretes melatonin |
| underproduction/overproduction | hyposecretion/hypersecretion |
| Pituitary disorders affect these hormones | growth hormone antidiuretic hormone --> hyponatremia |
| cretinism | hypothyroidism in infants --> mental retardation, impaired growth, low body temperature, abnormal bone formation |
| myxedema | hypothyroidism in adulthood |
| enlarged thyroid gland | goiter |
| tetany | decreased calcium r/t hypoparathyroidism |
| s/s of hyperparathyroidism | osteitis fobrosa cystica (demineralization of bones), osteoporosis, adenoma, nephrolithiasis |
| Addison disease | autoimmune destruction of adrenal glands --> deficiency of cortical hormones --> dehydration, fatigue, muscle weakness, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, weight loss |
| Cushing syndrome | excessive cortisol or acth in blood circulation; moon face, thinning harm supraclavicular fat, increased body hair, buffalo hump |
| ketosis | the metabolites of fat (ketones) entering blood |
| glucometer | device used to detect blood glucose levels determined by finger prick and injection of blood into device |
| insulin pump | portable pump delivering basal and bolus doses of insulin continuously |
| diabetic ketoacidosis | primary complication of type 1 diabetes |
Created by:
arehberg
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