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HSCI 131
Chapter 11 Urinary System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| electrolyte | mineral salt (sodium, potassium, or calcium) that carries an electrical charge when in solution |
| filtrate | fluid that passes from the blood through the capillary walls of the glomeruli into Bowman capsule |
| nitrogenous waste | product of protein metabolism that include urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine, and ammonia |
| peristaltic wave | sequence of rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle of a hollow organ to force material forward and prevent backflow |
| peritoneum | serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers most of the organs within the cavity |
| pH | symbol that expresses alkalinity or acidity of a solution |
| plasma | liquid portion of blood that is filtered by the nephrons to remove dissolved wastes |
| albumin/o | albumin; protein |
| albuminoid | resembling albumin |
| azot/o | nitrogenous compounds |
| azotemia | nitrogenous compounds in the blood |
| bacteria/o | bacteria |
| bacteriuria | bacteria in urine |
| cyst/o or vesic/o | bladder |
| cystoscope | instrument for examining the bladder |
| vesicocele | hernia of the bladder |
| glomerul/o | glomerulus |
| glomerulopathy | disease of the glomerulus |
| kal/i | potassium (electrolyte) |
| hypokalemia | abnormally low concentration of potassium in the blood |
| keton/o | ketone bodies (acids and acetones) |
| ketonuria | presence of ketone bodies in the urine |
| lith/o | stone, calculus |
| lithotripsy | crushing of a stone |
| meat/o | opening |
| meatotomy | incision of the urinary meatus |
| nephr/o or ren/o | kidney |
| nephropexy | fixation of kidney |
| renal | pertaining to the kidney |
| noct/o | night |
| nocturia | excessive and frequent urination after going to bed |
| olig/o | scanty (decreased production) |
| py/o | pus |
| pyorrhea | flow/discharge of pus |
| pyel/o | renal pelvis |
| -plasty | surgical repair |
| ur/o | urine, urinary tract |
| urolith | stone in the urinary tract |
| ureter/o | ureter |
| -ectasis | dilation, expansion |
| urethr/o | urethra |
| -stenosis | narrowing |
| lithogenesis | forming or producing a stone |
| -iasis | abnormal condition |
| -uria | urine |
| polyuria | much (excretion of) urine |
| retroperitoneal | pertaining to the area behind the peritoneum |
| anuria | absence of urine production or output |
| bladder neck obstruction | blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra |
| cystocele | prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between a woman's bladder and vagina |
| dysuria | painful or difficult urination, commonly referred to burning sensation while peeing |
| end-stage renal disease | any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function, requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival |
| enuresis | involuntary discharge of urine |
| fistula | abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another |
| hydronephrosis | abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis and the calyces of one or both kidneys due to pressure from accumulated urine that cannot flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract |
| interstitial cystitis | chronic inflammation of the bladder wall that is not caused by bacterial infection and is not responsive to conventional antibiotic therapy |
| nephrotic syndrome | loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane |
| neurogenic bladder | impairment of bladder control due to brain or nerve conduction |
| polycystic kidney disease | inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in the kidneys |
| urgency | sensation of the need to void immediately |
| vesicoureteral reflux | disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the bladder, usually due to impairment of the valve between the ureter and bladder or obstruction in the ureter |
| Wilms tumor | rapidly developing malignant neoplasm of the kidney that usually occurs in children |
| dialysis | mechanical filtering process used to cleanse the blood of toxic substances, like nitrogenous wastes, when kidneys fail to function properly |
| hemodialysis | type of dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood, filters the blood, and returns the clean blood to the patient's bloodstream |
| peritoneal dialysis | type of dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing (flushing) the peritoneal cavity with a warm, sterile chemical solution |
| kidney transplant | replacement of a diseased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor (usually a family member or a cadaver who has donated the kidney prior to death) |
| nephropexy | fixation of a floating or mobile kidney |
| nephrostomy | the passage of a tube through the skin and into the renal pelvis to drain urine to a collecting receptacle outside the body when the ureters are unable to do so |
| stent placement | insertion of a mesh tube into a natural passage conduit in the body to prevent or counteract a disease-induced, localized flow constriction |
| ureteral stent placement | insertion of a thin narrow tube into the ureter to prevent or treat obstruction of urine flow from the kidney |
| urethrotomy | incision of a urethral stricture |
| electromyography | measures the contraction of muscles that control urination using electrodes placed in the rectum and urethra |
| cystoscopy | examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growths, and removal of polyps using a specialized endoscope |
| blood urea nitrogen | determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea, a waste product of protein metabolism |
| culture and sensitivity | determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics |
| urinalysis | urine screening test that includes physical observation, chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation |
| ultrasonography | high-frequency waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure |
| bladder ultrasound | US produces images of the bladder to measure pre- and postvoid residual urine, thus determining bladder volume and potentially identifying incomplete bladder emptying |
| intravenous pyelography | imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium |
| nuclear scan | technique in which a radiopharmaceutical called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected) and a specialized camera is used to produce images of organs and structures |
| renal nuclear scan | nuclear scan of the kidneys used to determine their size, shape and position |
| voiding cystourethrography | x-ray of the bladder and urethra performed before, during and after voiding using a contract medium to enhance imaging |
| erythropoietin | hormone secreted by the kidney that acts on bone marrow to stimulate production of red blood cells when blood oxygen levels are low |
| nephrons | microscopic filtering units of the kidney |
| hilium | an opening near the medial border of the kidney where the renal artery enters and the renal vein exits |
| renal pelvis | formed where the ureter merges with the kidney |
| ureter | there are two. they carry urine in peristaltic waves to the bladder |
| ureteral orifice | where urine enters the bladder |
| urinary bladder | expandable hollow organ that acts as a temporary reservoir for urine |
| rugae | small folds in the bladder that expand as the bladder fills |
| trigone | a triangular area at the base of the bladder that is delineated by the openings of the ureters and the urethra |
| urethra | tube that discharges urine from the bladder |
| urinary meatus | urethral opening |
| Bowman capsule | modified, enlarged extension of the renal tubule that encapsulates the glomerulus |
| afferent arteriole | carries blood to the glomerulus |
| efferent arteriole | carries blood from the glomerulus |
| peritubular capillaries | network of capillaries that surround the renal tubule |
| 4 sections of the renal tubule | proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting tubule |
| 3 functions of the nephron | filtration, reabsorption, and secretion |
| describe filtration | occurs in the renal corpuscle, where plasma containing water, electrolytes, sugar and other small molecules is forced from the blood within the glomerulus into Bowman capsule to form filtrate. filtrate resembles plasma except the amount of protein is less |
| describe reabsorption | it begins as filtrate travels through the long, twisted pathway of the tubule. most of the water and some of the electrolytes and amino acids are returned to the peritubular capillaries and reenter the circulating blood |
| describe secretion | final stage of urine formation. substances actively secreted from the blood in the peritubular capillaries into the filtrate in the renal tubules. waste products are secreted into the filtrate to be eliminated. collecting tubule>renal pelvis>bladder>pee |
| urology | branch of medicine concerned with urinary disorders and diseases of the male reproductive system |
| urologist | physician who specializes in diagnosis and treatment of genitourinary disorders |
| nephrology | branch of medicine concerned specifically with diseases of the kidney, electrolyte imbalance, renal transplantation, and dialysis therapy |
| pyelonephritis | kidney infection AKA nephritis. inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis. most common form of kidney disease. most often result of infection from bladder. |
| dysuria | painful urination |
| nephralgia | pain in the kidneys |
| bacteriuria | bacteria in the urine |
| pyuria | pus in the urine |
| hematuria | blood in the urine |
| glomerulonephritis | inflammation of the glomerular membrane in the nephrons, causing it to become leaky (PERMEABLE) |
| proteinuria | protein in the urine |
| hypertension | high blood pressure |
| calculi | stones |
| urolithiasis | stones in the urinary tract |
| nephrolithiasis | stones in the kidney |
| ureterolithiasis | stones lodged in the ureters, throbbing pain |
| colic | throbbing pain |
| refluxes | flows backward (urine flowing backward into renal pelvis) |
| extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy | calculi are pulverized using concentrated ultrasound waves (shock waves) directed at the stones from a machine outside the body |
| percutaneous nephrolithotomy | for larger stones. surgeon makes a small incision in the skin and forms an opening in the kidney. then inserts a nephroscope into the kidney to locate and remove the stone |
| ureteroscopic stone removal | no incision is required. using an endoscope fitted with a laser beam to break large stones into smaller ones, fitted with a basket |
| acute tubular necrosis | tubular portion of the nephron is injured by a decrease in blood supply or after the ingestion of toxic chemicals |
| oliguria | scanty urine production |
| hypercalcemia | increased blood levels of calcium |
| cystectomy | removal of the bladder |
| immunotherapy | biological therapy which stimulates the immune system to attack cancer cells |
| intravenous | delivered into the vein |
| intravesical | into the bladder |
| brachytherapy | seeds planted within the tumor uses high energy beams to treat bladder cancer |
| teletherapy | a machine outside the body is used to deliver high energy beams to treat bladder cancer |
Created by:
arehberg
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