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HSCI 131
Chapter 10 Musculoskeletal System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| appendage | any body part attached to a main structure |
| articulation | place of union between two or more bones; also called a joint |
| cancellous | lattice-like arrangement of bony plates occurring at the ends of long bones |
| cruciate ligaments | ligaments that cross each other, forming an X within the notch between the femoral condyles |
| hematopoiesis | production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow |
| adduction | moves closer to the midline |
| abduction | moves away from the midline |
| flexion | decreases the angle of a joint |
| extension | increases the angle of a joint |
| rotation | moves a bone around its own axis |
| pronation | turns the palm down |
| supination | turns the palm up |
| inversion | moves the sole of the foot inward |
| eversion | moves the sole of the foot outward |
| dorsiflexion | elevates the foot |
| plantar flexion | lowers the foot (points the toes) |
| ankyl/o | stiffness; bent, crooked |
| ankylosis | abnormal condition of stiffness |
| arthr/o | joint |
| kyph/o | humpback |
| kyphosis | abnormal condition of a humpback posture |
| lamin/o | lamina (part of the vertebral arch) |
| laminectomy | excision of the lamina |
| lord/o | curve, swayback |
| lordosis | abnormal condition of a swayback posture |
| myel/o | bone marrow; spinal cord |
| myelocyte | bone marrow cell |
| orth/o | straight |
| orthopedist | specialist in treatment of musculoskeletal disorders |
| oste/o | bone |
| osteoma | tumor composed of bone |
| ped/o or ped/i | foot; child |
| pedograph | instrument for recording the foot |
| scoli/o | crooked; bent |
| scoliosis | abnormal bending of the spine |
| thorac/o | chest |
| thoracodynia | pain in the chest |
| acromi/o | acromion (projection of the scapula) |
| acromial | pertaining to the acromion |
| brachi/o | arm |
| brachialgia | pain in the arm |
| calcane/o | calcaneum (heel bone) |
| calcaneodynia | pain in the heel |
| carp/o | carpus (wrist bone) |
| carpoptosis | downward displacement of the wrist |
| cephal/o | head |
| cephalad | toward the head |
| cervic/o | neck; cervix uteri (neck of the uterus) |
| cervicodynia | pain in the neck |
| clavicul/o | clavicle (collar bone) |
| clavicular | pertaining to the clavicle |
| cost/o | ribs |
| costectomy | excision of a rib |
| crani/o | cranium (skull) |
| dactyl/o | fingers; toes |
| dactylitis | inflammation of fingers or toes |
| femor/o | femur (thigh bone) |
| femoral | pertaining to the femur |
| fibul/o | fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg) |
| fibulocalcaneal | pertaining to the fibula and calcaneous |
| humer/o | humerus (upper arm bone) |
| ili/o | ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone) |
| ischi/o | ischium (lower portion of the hip bone) |
| lumb/o | loins (lower back) |
| metacarp/o | metacarpus (hand bones) |
| metatars/o | metatarsus (foot bones) |
| patell/o | patella (kneecap) |
| pelv/o | pelvis |
| pelvimetry | act of measuring the pelvis |
| phalang/o | phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes) |
| pod/o | foot |
| podiatry | treatment of the feet |
| pub/o | pelvis bone (anterior part of the pelvic bone) |
| pubococcygeal | pertaining to the pubis and the coccyx |
| radi/o | radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side) |
| spondyl/o | vertebrae (backbone) |
| spondylitis | inflammation of the vertebrae |
| vertebr/o | vertebrae (backbone) |
| stern/o | sternum (backbone) |
| sternad | toward the sternum |
| tibi/o | tibia (larger bone of the lower leg) |
| leiomy/o | smooth muscle (visceral) |
| leiomyoma | tumor of smooth muscle |
| muscul/o or my/o | muscle |
| myoma | tumor of muscle (tissue) |
| rhabd/o | rod-shaped (striated) |
| rhabdoid | resembling a rod |
| rhabdomy/o | rod-shaped striated muscle |
| rhabdomyoma | tumor composed of striated muscular tissue |
| chondr/o | cartilage |
| fasci/o | band, fascia (fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles) |
| fascioplasty | surgical repair of a fascia |
| fibr/o | fiber, fibrous tissue |
| fibroma | tumor of fibrous tissue |
| synov/o | synovial membrane, synovial fluid |
| ten/o, tend/o, or tendin/o | tendon |
| tenodesis | surgical binding or fixation of a tendon |
| tendoplasty | surgical repair of a tendon |
| tendinitis | inflammation of a tendon |
| -asthenia | weakness, debility |
| myasthenia | weakness of muscle (and abnormal fatigue) |
| -blast | embryonic cell |
| myoblast | embryonic cell that develops into muscle |
| -clasia | to break; surgical fracture |
| osteoclasia | surgical fracture of a bone |
| -clast | to break; surgical fracture |
| osteoclast | multinucleated cell that breaks down bone |
| -desis | binding; fixation (of a bone or joint) |
| -malacia | softening |
| arthrodesis | binding together of a joint |
| chondromalacia | softening of cartilage |
| -physis | growth |
| epiphysis | growth upon (the end of a long bone) |
| -porosis | porous |
| -sarcoma | malignant tumor of connective tissue |
| chondrosarcoma | malignant tumor from cartilage cells |
| -scopy | visual examination |
| arthroscopy | visual examination of a joint |
| a- | without, not |
| dys- | bad; painful; difficult |
| atrophy | without nourishment |
| dystrophy | disorder caused by defective nutrition or metabolism |
| sub- | under; below |
| subpatellar | pertaining to below the patella |
| supra- | above; excessive |
| supracostal | pertaining to above the ribs |
| syn- | union; together; joined |
| syndactylism | condition of joined fingers or toes |
| ankylosis | stiffening and immobility of a joint as a result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone function |
| bunion | deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe as it turns in toward the second toe, which may cause surrounding tissues to become swollen and tender |
| carpal tunnel syndrome | painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel |
| claudication | lameness, limping |
| contracture | fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint |
| crepitation | dry, grating sounds or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction |
| exacerbation | increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms (AKA flare) |
| ganglion cyst | fluid-filled tumor that most commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands, but may also appear in the feet |
| hemarthrosis | effusion of blood into a joint cavity |
| herniated disk | rupture of a vertebral disk's center through its outer edge and back toward the spinal canal with pressure on the adjacent spinal nerve that results in pain, numbness or weakness in one or both legs |
| hypotonia | loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching |
| multiple myeloma | malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow |
| phantom limb | perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists |
| rickets | form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency |
| sequestrum | fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue |
| spondylolisthesis | any slipping (subluxation) of vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it |
| spondylosis | degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and relate tissues |
| sprain | tearing of ligament tissue that may be slight, moderate or complete |
| strain | muscular trauma caused by violent contraction or an excessive forcible stretch |
| subluxation | partial or incomplete dislocation |
| talipes equinovarus | congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side (AKA CLUBFOOT) |
| electromyography | use of electrical stimulation to diagnose the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them (motor neurons) |
| reduction | procedure that restores a bone to its normal position |
| closed reduction | reduction in which fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery |
| open reduction | reduction in which fractured bones are placed in their proper position during surgery |
| bone immobilization | procedures used to restrict movement, stabilize and protect a fracture and facilitate the healing process |
| casting bone immobilization | bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or similar material |
| splinting bone immobilization | bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part |
| traction bone immobilization | bone immobilization by application of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture |
| amputation | partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or a circulatory disease |
| arthrocentesis | puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid |
| arthroclasia | surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement |
| arthroscopy | visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens, fiberoptic light, and miniature camera that projects images on a monitor |
| bone grafting | implantation or transplantation of bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue |
| bursectomy | excision of bursa |
| laminectomy | excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra |
| prosthesis fitting | replacement of a missing part of an artificial substitute, such as an artificial extremity |
| revision surgery | surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn-out prothesis |
| bone revision surgery | revision surgery to correct misalignment of bones, broken protheses, and bone fractures occurring around prostheses |
| sequestrectomy | excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone) |
| synovectomy | excision of a synovial membrane |
| total hip replacement | surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis |
| arthrography | series of radiographs taken after injection of contract material into a joint cavity (especially knee or shoulder) to outline the contour of the joint |
| bone density test | noninvasive procedure that uses low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density and usually measures bones of the spine, hip and forearm |
| discography | radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures with injection of a contrast medium |
| lumbosacral spinal radiography | radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral and oblique views of the lower spine |
| myelography | radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks or other lesions |
| scintigraphy | nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide |
| bone scintigraphy | scintigraphy in which the radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone |
| fibers | contractile cells that provide movement of an organ or body part |
| skeletal muscles | voluntary/striated muscles. muscles whose action is under voluntary control (eyeballs, tongue, bones) |
| cardiac muscles | found only in the heart. striated but involuntary contractions |
| smooth muscles | involuntary/visceral muscles. found principally in visceral organs, walls of arteries and respiratory passages and urinary and reproductive ducts |
| fleshy attachments | muscle fibers arise directly from bone |
| fibrous attachments | connective tissue converges at the end of the muscle to become continuous and indistinguishable from the periosteum |
| aponeurosis | what the attachment is called when the fibrous attachment spans a large ares of a bone |
| tendon | when connective tissue fibers form a cord or strap |
| ligaments | flexible bands of fibrous tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains |
| short bones | somewhat cube shaped, core of spongy bone enclosed in a thin surface layer of compact bone (ankles, wrists, toes) |
| irregular bones | bones that cannot be classified as short or long because of complex shape (vertebrae, bones of the middle ear) |
| flat bones | provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs (skull, shoulder blades, sternum) |
| long bones | found in extremities (legs, arms, fingers) |
| parts of a long bone | diaphysis (long main portion of bone), distal epiphysis and proximal epiphysis (two ends of bone) |
| articular cartilage | cover the epiphyses, type of elastic connective tissue that provides a smooth surface for movement of joints |
| periosteum | dense, white fibrous membrane covering the surface of the long bone |
| osteoblasts | bone-forming cells |
| orthopedics | branch of medicine concerned with prevention, diagnosis, care and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders |
| orthopedist | the physician who specializes in the diagnoses and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders |
| rheumatologist | physician who specializes in treating joint disease |
| Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) | physician that maintains that good health requires proper alignment of bones, muscles, ligaments and nerves |
| fracture | broken bone |
| closed (simple) fracture | one in which the bone is broken but no external wounds exist |
| open (compound) fracture | involves a broken bone and an external wound that leads to the site of fracture |
| complicated fracture | one in which a broken bone has injured an internal organ (rib piercing a lung) |
| comminuted fracture | the bone has broken or splintered into pieces |
| impacted fracture | when the bone is broken and one end is wedged into the interior of another bone |
| incomplete fracture | when the line of fracture does not completely transverse the entire bone |
| greenstick fracture | when the broken bone does not extend through the entire thickness of the bone (one side of the bone is broken and the other side is bent) |
| colles fracture | a break at the lower end of the radius (occurs just above the wrist) and causes displacement of the hand |
| hairline fracture | minor fracture in which all portions of the bone are in perfect alignment |
| pathological (spontaneous) fractures | usually caused by a disease process (neoplasms or osteoporosis) |
| osteomyelitis | bone infection |
| osseous | encompasses all bone |
| sequestrum | bone death |
| sequestrectomy | removal of bone death |
| Paget disease | AKA osteitis deformans, chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones |
| osteoporosis | common metabolic bone disorder in the elderly, begins with decrease in bone mineral density, rate of bone resorption exceeds the rate of bone formation |
| osteopenia | decrease in bone mineral density |
| scoliosis | |
| kyphosis | abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine, AKA humpback or hunchback, could be from arthritis, rickets, poor posture or respiratory disease |
| lordosis | abnormal, inward curvature of a portion of the lower portion of the spine, AKA swayback, could be caused by increased weight in abdomen |
| arthritis | general term for many joint diseases, inflammation of a joint |
| rheumatoid arthritis | systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures, resulting in crippling deformities |
| osteoarthritis | AKA degenerative joint disease, most common form of arthritis, occurs when the protective cartilage at the end of the bones wear down |
| osteophyte | bone spur, new bone growth |
| Heberden nodes | bony enlargement caused by spur formation |
| crepitation | crackling sound when there is movement in the joint |
| gout | AKA gout arthritis, metabolic disease caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the blood that become deposited in joints and soft tissues near joints causing pain and inflammation |
| nephroliths | renal calculi formed because of uric acid crystals collecting in the kidneys (commonly caused from gout) |
| muscular dystrophy | genetic disease, gradual weakening and atrophy of muscle tissue. loss of muscle function affects skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles, no cure for disease |
| Duchenne dystrophy | most common type of muscular dystrophy, affects children (more commonly boys), sex-linked passed from mother, children usually die before age 30 |
| myasthenia gravis | neuromuscular disorder, causes fluctuating weakness of certain skeletal muscle groups (of eyes, face and sometimes limbs), caused by destruction of neurotransmitter receptors, muscles become weak and could cease to function |
| primary bone cancer | malignancies that arise directly from bone or bone tissue |
| secondary bone cancer | malignancies that arise in another region and spread (metastasize) to the bone |
| sarcomas | malignancies that originate from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow and cells of the lymphatic system |
| fibrosarcoma | develops in cartilage and generally affects the pelvis, upper legs and shoulders |
| osteosarcoma | develops from bone tissue and generally affects the knees, upper arms and upper legs |
| ewing sarcoma | develops from primitive nerve cells in bone marrow |
Created by:
arehberg
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