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Spinal Anatomy
Irene Gold: Part 1 Boards - Spinal Anatomy (NWHSU)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The organs, gut & respiratory tract come from what germinal layer? | Endoderm |
| Muscles, ligaments & tendons come from what germinal layer? | Somatic, Paraxial Mesoderm |
| The urogenital system comes from what germinal layer? | Intermediate Mesoderm |
| What layer of mesoderm does the adrenal cortex, cardiovascular system & lymph comes from? | Lateral plate of the Mesoderm |
| What does surface ectoderm give rise to? | Hair, skin, eyes, anterior pituitary gland ( * note * where the posterior pituitary gland comes from the epithalamus of the diencephalon) |
| In what pathology would you see a 'fawns beard' | Spina bifida occulta |
| What gives rise to the sympathetic chain ganglion, dorsal root gal, ANS/PNS | Neuroectoderm, Neural Crest |
| The adrenal medulla vs. the adrenal cortex come from what different Germinal layers | Medulla: Neural Crest neuroectoderm Cortex: Lateral plate mesoderm |
| Arnold Chiari (Type 2) is a combination of what 2 issues? | Cerebellar tonsil herniation thru foramen magnum & Meningiomyelocele |
| What is: failure of maxillary & palatine bones to fuse? | Cleft palate |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 pairs |
| What do the spinal nerve pairs arise from? | Somites from paraxial mesoderm |
| Epimere gives rise to | Dorsal muscles (extensors) |
| Hypomere gives rise to | Ventral muscles (flexors) |
| Mesenchyme > Bone (process is called) | Intramembranous ossification |
| Cartilage > Bone (process is called) | Endochondral ossification |
| What does the stomadium give rise to? | The mouth |
| What does the optic cup give rise to? | The retina |
| What is the 'foregut' | mouth to first 1/3 of the duodenum |
| What is the 'midgut' | last 2/3 of the duodenum to the first 2/3 of the transverse colon |
| What is the 'hindgut' | Last 1/3 of the colon to the anus |
| What does the gubernaculum become in males vs. females | Males: Scrotal ligament Females: Suspensory Ligament of the ovaries |
| What part of the neuroectoderm do the spinal cord & brain come from? | Neural tube |
| What connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle? | Interventricular Foramen of Munro |
| What connects the third & fourth ventricles? | Aqueduct of Silvius (in midbrain) |
| Where is the fourth ventricle located? | Pons & Medulla |
| Where is the obex? | The floor of the 4th ventricle |
| The myelencephalon becomes? | medulla & spine |
| The metencephalon becomes? | Pons & cerebellum |
| The telencephalon becomes? | Cortex |
| Which hypothalamic nuclei has axons containing oxytocin? | Paraventricular Nucleus |
| Which hypothalamic nuclei has axons containing ADH (vasopressin) | Supraoptic nucleus |
| Where are releasing factors held? | The periventricular zone of the hypothalamus |
| Nucleus that receives input from amygdala and hypothalamus | Dorsomedial nucleus |
| Nucleus that is relay between thalamus & limbic system | Anterior nucleus |
| What nucleus does non-specific cortical activation? | Reticular projection group (intralaminar nuclear group) |
| Thalamic nucleus for conscious sensory info from the body | VPL |
| Thalamic nucleus for conscious sensory info from the face | VPM |
| Thalamic nucleus for the auditory pathway | Medial geniculate (area 41,42) |
| Thalamic nucleus for visual pathway | Lateral geniculate (area 17) |
| What lobe of the brain is the auditory pathway in? | Henshul lobe |
| What lobe of the brain is the visual pathway in? | Occipital lobe |
| What type of stimulus does the basal ganglia have on the cerebral motor cortex? | Inhibitory |
| Globus Pallidus + Putamen make up what nucleus? | Lenticular nucleus |
| Nucleus accumbens + caudate + putamen make up what? | The striatum |
| Area 17 is? | Primary visual cortex |
| Area 3,1,2 is? | Primary sensory cortex (pre-central gyrus) |
| Area 4,6 | Primary Motor cortex (post-central gyrus) |
| What gyrus is the pathway between the thalamus and hippocampus | Cingulate gyrus |
| What nucleus receives information from the tongue (taste) | Rostral Nucleus Solitarius |
| What nerve contains the SVAs from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue (inn. by the facial n.) | Chorda tympani n. |
| What is the tract that carries auditory input? | Lateral lemniscus |
| The raphe nuclei (periaquaductal grey) does what? | Blocks pain sensation, releases enkephalins |
| Where is short term memory located? | Middle temporal lobe |
| Where is long term memory located | Inferior temporal lobe |
| Loss of memory is from damage to what portion of the brain? | Hippocampus |
| Sensory aphasia is from damage to what area? | Wernicke's sensory language area |
| What can cause Wernicke's sensory aphasia? | B1 (Thiamine) deficiency from alcoholism |
| What is the function Wernicke's area (22) in language? | Interpretation, making sense of language, understanding it. |
| Where does word blindness occur? | Angular gyrus |
| Motor aphasia is from damage to what area? | Broca's speech area (inferior left frontal lobe) |
| Corticospinal & Corticobulbar tracts are in which lobe? | Frontal lobe |
| Where are corticobulbar fibres located in the internal capsule? | Genu of the internal capsule |
| The lateral corticospinal tract primarily innervates what muscles? | Appendicular |
| The anterior corticospinal tract primarily innervates what muscles? | Axial |
| Does the Ant or Post Corticospinal tract innervate muscles bilaterally? | Anterior corticospinal tract is bilateral at the level of innervation |
| In which neurodegenerative disease would you see cogwheel rigidity & paralysis agitans? | Parkisons |
| What neurotransmitter does the caudate secrete? | GABA (inhibitory to the brain) |
| A genetic defect in the caudate, effecting GABA release, causes what disease? | Huntington's Chorea |
| The caudate and putamen are separated by what? | Internal capsule |
| The primary function of the hypothalamus is? | Homeostasis |
| Special cells that make blood brain barrier | Astrocytes |
| Special cells that line the ventricles? | Ependymal cells |
| Where are arachnoid granulations located? | Superior sagittal sinus |
| What are the myelin producing cells in the CNS? | Oligodendrocytes (derived from neural tube) |
| Myelin in the PNS is derived from? | Neural crest |
| Loss of peristalsis in digestive system, you've probably lost function of what plexuses? | Meissner's (mucosal) & Auerbachs (muscular) - collectively the myenteric plexus |
| What are the 2 diseases which occur with loss of the myenteric plexus? | Achalasia & Congential Megacolon (Hirshsbrung's) |
| What are the cells that inhibit the alpha motor neuron? | Renshaw cells |
| At what level do the vertebral arteries enter the spine? Skull? | C6 & Foramen magnum |
| What artery is damaged in Wallenberg syndrome? | PICA (no collateral circulation) |
| Damage to the PICA causes loss where? | Ipsilateral loss to the face and contralateral loss to the body |
| Common Cartoid bifurcates to become internal & external carotids at what level? | C3/4 |
| What is the parent artery to the middle meningeal artery (feeds dura) | Maxillary artery of the External carotid |
| What is the parent artery to the ophthalmic a. to the eye? | Internal carotid |
| What causes hydrocephalus (water on the brain) | Blockage of ventricles/CSF flow in the superior sagittal sinus (in the falx cerebri) |
| What are the attachment sites of the falx cerebri? | Crista galli and tentorium cerebelli |
| A subdural hematoma is caused by damage to what? | Damage to the sinuses causes a subdural hematoma (venous system damage) |
| What is the final drainage vessel of the sinuses? | Internal jugular vein |
| From the 4th ventricle, where does CSF flow? | Through foramen of Magendie & Lushka to the subarachnoid space to be resorbed by the arachnoid villi |
| What does a berry aneurysm cause? | Subarachnoid hemorrhage |
| What does a middle meningeal a. tear cause? | Epidural hemorrhage |
| What separates the lateral ventricles in the cortex? | septum pellucidum |
| Which cranial nerves exit the skull via the jugular foramen? | Glossopharyngeal (9) Vagus (10) Spinal Accessory (11) |
| Which cranial nerve exits the skull via the hypoglossal foramen? | Hypoglossal (12) |
| Which cranial nerve exits the skull via the stylomastoid foramen? | Facial (7) |
| Which cranial nerve exits the skull via the internal acoustic meatus | Vestibulocochlear (8) (* facial also passes through here first, then the stylomastoid foramen) |
| Which cranial nerves exit the skull via the Superior Orbital Fissure? | Ophthalmic (3) Trochlear (4) V1 of Trigeminal (5) Abducens (6) |
| Where do V2 and V3 of Trigeminal (5) n. exit the skull? | V2 = Foramen Rotundum v3 = Foramen Ovale |
| What vessel exits the foramen spinosum? | Middle meningeal artery |
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