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HSCI 131
Chapter 9 Blood, Lymph, and Immune Systems
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| antibody | (Ab) protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a foreign substance called an antigen |
| antigen | substance, recognized as harmful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual |
| bile pigment | substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver |
| cytokine | chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases or decreases activity in other cells |
| immunocompetent | ability to develop an immune response or recognize antigens and respond to them |
| natural killer cells | NK cells, specialized lymphocytes that kill abnormal cells by releasing chemicals that destroy the cell membrane, causing its intercellular fluids to leak out |
| plasma | liquid medium in blood where solid components (red & white blood cells and platelets) are suspended, 92% water and the rest plasma proteins (albumins, globulins, fibrinogens) gases, nutrients, salts, hormones and wate |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells, transport oxygen and CO2, most numerous of circulating blood cells, remain in the bloodstream |
| leukocytes | white blood cells, protect the body against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances, remove debris from injured tissue, aid in healing process, migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules |
| thrombocytes | platelets, smallest formed elements found in blood, initiate blood clotting when they encounter damaged vessel walls that have been injured or traumatized |
| blastic | embryonic forms of all blood cell types |
| hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis | development of blood cells to their mature form |
| erythropoiesis | red cell development, RBCs decrease in size and extrude their nucleus |
| hemoglobin | specialized iron containing compound that gives RBCs their red color, carries O2 to body tissues and exchanges it for carbon dioxide |
| hemosiderin | iron compound that hemoglobin breaks down into, returns to bone marrow and is reused in a different form to make new blood cells |
| diapedesis | process by which white blood cells migrate through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules and enter tissue spaces |
| granulocytes or agranulocytes | classification of white blood cells depending on whether their cytoplasm contains or lack visible granules |
| eosin | red acidic dye used in a granulocyte stain |
| alkaline dye | basic dye for granulocyte stain that stains a dark purple color |
| neutrophils | contain granules that stain pale lilac color. they dont show a marked affinity for acid dye (red) or an alkaline basic dye (dark purple) so they are called neutrophils. AKA polys because they have segmented nuclei. phagocytic cells. most numerous type |
| phagocytic cells | responsible for ingesting and destroying bacteria and other foreign particles |
| eosinophils | contain granules that stain red because of their affinity for the red acid due eosin. their main fxn is detoxification. numerous during allergic reactions and animal parasitic infestations |
| basophils | contain granules that stain a dark purple because of their affinity for the alkaline basic dye. fxn is to release histamines and heparin at sites of injury |
| histamines | initiate the inflammatory process by increasing blood flow |
| heparin | anticoagulant that acts to prevent blood from clotting at the injury site |
| three types of granulocytes | neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| agranulocytes | arise in bone marrow from stem cells but mature in lymph tissue, nuclei do not form lobes, AKA mononuclear leukocytes |
| two types of mononuclear leukocytes (agranulocytes) | monocytes and lymphocytes |
| monocytes | mildly phagocytic when found within blood vessels, remain in vascular channels only a short time, when they exit they transform into macrophages |
| macrophages | avid phagocytes capable of ingesting pathogens, dead cells, and other debris found at sites of inflammation |
| lymphocytes | include B cells, T cells and NK cells. in acquired immunity, lymphocytes learn to recognize and destroy potential threats to the well being of the person |
| B cells and T cells | provide acquired immunity: recognize and destroy potential theads |
| Natural killer cells | NK cells: provide a generalized defense and respond whenever a potentially dangerous or abnormal cell is encountered. they kill by releasing potent chemicals that rupture cell membranes of abnormal cells. highly effective against cancer cells |
| hemostasis | control of bleeding |
| thromboplastin | a substance that initiates clot formation and is released by clotting factors in platelets and injured tissue |
| fibrinogen | a soluble blood protein that becomes insoluble and forms fibrin strands that act as a net and entrap blood cells during the final step of coagulation |
| thrombus | blood clot, jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin |
| serum | resulting fluid if fibrinogen and clotting elements are removed from plasma |
| blood types | A, B, AB and O based on the presense or absence of specific antigens on the surface of RBC's |
| hematologists | study blood |
| lymph | fluid in the lymph system that suspends lymphocytes and monocytes |
| lymph vessels | network of transporting vessels |
| functions of lymph system | maintain fluid balance of the body by draining interstitial fluid from tissue spaces & returning it to the blood, transporting lipids away from the digestive organs for use by body tissues, filtering & removing unwanted or infectious products in lym nodes |
| interstitial fluid | AKA tissue fluid, small amount of plasma that seeps out of blood capillaries and resembles plasma but with less protein, carries needed products to tissue cells while removing their wastes |
| lymph nodes | where macrophages phagocytize bacteria and other harmful material while T cells and B cells exert their protective influence |
| right lymphatic duct | lymph vessels from the right chest and arm join here, this duct drains into the right subclavian vein (major vessel in cardiovascular system) |
| thoracic duct | lymph from all areas (other than right chest and arm) enter into this duct and drain into the left subclavian vein |
| spleen | resembles a lymph node because it acts as a filter by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites and other infectious agents. Spleen also destroys old RBCs and serves as a repository for healthy blood cells |
| thymus | in mediastinum, partially controls immune system by transforming certain lymphocytes into T cells to function in the immune system |
| tonsils | masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx that act as filters to protect the upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens |
| resistance | body defenses that work together to protect against disease |
| innate | body defenses (resistance) present at birth |
| acquired immunity | develops after birth in immunocompetent people, adaptive immune system, B and T cells are active cells |
| B cells birth place and maturity place | formed and mature in the bone marrow and then migrate to the lymph system |
| T cells birth place and maturity place | formed in bone marrow but migrate to thymus to mature before migrating to lymph system. responsible for cellular immunity |
| humoral immunity | component of specific immune system that protects primarily against extracellular antigens that have not yet entered a cell |
| plasma cells | clone of cells produced by B cells that produce antibodies |
| antigen-antibody complex | when an antibody encounters its matching antigen and attaches |
| cellular immunity | component of specific immune system that protects primarily against intracellular antigens (viruses and cancer cells) |
| cytotoxic T cell | cell that actually destroys the invading antigen, determines the antigens specific weakness and uses this weakness as a point of attack to destroy it |
| helper T cell | essential to proper functioning of both humoral and cellular immunity, uses chemical messengers (cytokines) to activate, direct and regulate the activity of most of the immune system (especially B cells) |
| suppressor T cell | monitors progression of infection, shuts down immune system response when infection resolves |
| memory T cells | remain in lymph system after an encounter with an antigen to combat it if it ever reappears |
| aden/o | gland |
| adenoid | resembling a gland |
| agglutin/o | clumping, gluing |
| agglutination | process of clumping |
| bas/o | base |
| blast/o | embryonic cell |
| erythroblastosis | abnormal increase of embryonic red cells |
| chrom/o | color |
| hypochromic | pertaining to a decrease in color |
| eosin/o | dawn (rose-colored) |
| erythr/o | red |
| granul/o | granule |
| hem/o & hemat/o | blood |
| immun/o | immune, immunity |
| kary/o | nucleus |
| nucle/o | nucleus |
| leuk/o | white |
| leukemia | white blood condition |
| lymphaden/o | lymph gland |
| lymphadenopathy | disease of lymph nodes |
| lymph/o | lymph |
| lymphangi/o | lymph vessel |
| morph/o | form, shape, structure |
| myel/o | bone marrow, spinal cord |
| neutr/o | neutral, neither |
| phag/o | swallowing, eating |
| plas/o | formation, growth |
| aplastic | pertaining to a failure to form |
| poikil/o | varied, irregular |
| reticul/o | net, mesh |
| ser/o | serum |
| serology | study of serum |
| sider/o | iron |
| sideropenia | deficiency of iron |
| splen/o | spleen |
| thromb/o | blood clot |
| thym/o | thymus gland |
| xen/o | foreign, strange |
| -blast | embyonic cell |
| -emia | blood condition |
| anemia | without blood |
| -globin | protein |
| hemoglobin | blood protein |
| -graft | transplantation |
| -osis | abnormal condition, increase |
| leukocytosis | abnormal increase in white blood cells |
| -penia | decrease, deficiency |
| -phil | attraction for |
| -phoresis | carrying, transmission |
| -phylaxis | protection |
| anaphylaxis | against protection |
| -poiesis | formation, production |
| -stasis | standing still |
| a- | without, not |
| allo- | other, differing from the normal |
| aniso- | unequal, dissimilar |
| iso- | same, equal |
| macro- | large |
| micro- | small |
| mono- | one |
| poly- | many, much |
| hematology | branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood clotting mechanisms bone marrow and lymph nodes |
| allergy and immunology | branch of medicine involving disorders of the immune system, including asthma and anaphylaxis, adverse reactions to drugs, autoimmune diseases, organ transplantations and malignancies of the immune system |
| anemia | deficiency of erythrocytes or hemoglobin in the blood |
| hemorrhagic anemia | excessive blood loss |
| hemolytic anemia | excessive blood-cell destruction |
| aplastic anemia | decreased blood formation within bone marrow |
| hemolyze | breaking apart of sickle cells |
| disseminated intravascular coagulation | (DIC) abnormal activation of the protein involved in blood coagulation, causing small blood clots to form in vessels and cutting off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues |
| graft rejection | process in which a recipients immune system attacks a transplanted organ or tissue |
| graft-versus-host disease | (GVHD) complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against recipients organs that can be severe enough to cause death |
| hematoma | localized accumulation of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space or tissue due to a break in or severing of a blood vessel |
| AIDS | acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: infectious disease caused by HIV that slowly destroys the immune system |
| opportunistic infections | infections that do not affect healthy individuals |
| lymphadenopathy | swollen lymph glands, symptom of AIDS |
| Kaposi sarcoma | neoplastic disorder, AIDS defining disease, malignancy of connective tissue (including bone, fat, muscle, fibrous tissue), tumors readily metastasize to other organs |
| Pneumocytosis pneumonia | AIDS defining disease |
| allergy | acquired abnormal immune response that requires initial exposure to an allergen |
| sensitization | initial exposure |
| urticaria | hives |
| indurated | when a scratch gets red, swollen and hard in response to the presence of antibodies to the allergen |
| autoimmunity | failure of the body to distinguish accurately between self and non self, immune systems attacks the antigens found on its own cells to such an extent that tissue injury results |
| multisystemic | affecting many organs and tissues |
| myasthenia gravis | chronic, progressive autoimmune neuromuscular disease that affects the voluntary muscles of the body, causing sporadic weakness. limbs, eyes and speech muscles most commonly affected |
| remissions | period of latency of a disease |
| exacerbations | period of flare up of a disease |
| edema | abnormal accumulation of fluids in the intercellular spaces of the body, decrease in blood protein level a major cause of this |
| hypoproteinemia | decrease in blood protein level, especially albumin (controls amount of plasma leaving the vascular channels |
| localized | limited to a specific area |
| diuretics | medications that promote urination |
| ascites | fluid collects within the peritoneal or pleural cavity |
| hemophilia | bleeders disease, hereditary disorder in which the blood-clotting mechanism is impaired |
| hemophilia A | deficiency in clotting factor VIII |
| hemophilia B | deficiency in clotting factor IX |
| hematomas | areas of blood seepage |
| hemarthrosis | blood entering joints |
| infectious mononucleosis | one of the acute infections caused by the epstein-barr virus, usually found in young adults and tends to appear in early spring and fall, AKA kissing disease |
| anorexia | loss of appetite |
| hepatomegaly | enlargement of the liver |
| splenomegaly | enlargement of the spleen |
| leukemia | oncological disorder of the blood-forming organs, characterized by an over-growth of blood cells |
| proliferation | over growth |
| myelogenous | granulocytic |
| acute leukemia | sudden onset of the disease and cells are highly embryonic with few mature forms, severe anemia, infections, and bleeding disorders appear early in the disease, life threatening |
| blastic | highly embryonic |
| chronic leukemia | signs and symptoms are slow to develop, |
| Hodgkin disease | Hodgkin lymphoma, malignant disease of the lymph system, primarily the nodes. Usually begins with painless enlargement of lymph nodes, typically on one side of the neck, chest or underarm |
| pruritus | intense itching |
| dysphagia | difficulty swallowing |
| hemoglobinopathy | any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule |
| lymphadenopathy | any disease of the lymph nodes |
| lymphedema | swelling, primarily in a single arm or leg, due to an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels |
| multiple myeloma | malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infections by producing antibodies) in the bone marrow |
| sepsis | presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called blood poisoning |
| systemic lupus erythematosus | (SLE) widespread autoimmune disease that may affect the skin, brain, kidneys, and points and causes chronic inflammation |
| thrombocythemia | overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders due to platelet malformations |
| thrombocytopenia | abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets in the bone marrow or increased destruction of platelets in the blood vessels (intravascular), spleen (extravascular) or liver (extravascular) |
| von Willebrand disease | bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency of von Willebrand factor, a "sticky" protein that lines blood vessels and reacts with platelets to form a plug that leads to clot formation |
| immunotherapy | any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates or restores the body natural immune mechanisms to treat disease |
| allergy injections | injection with increasing strengths of the offending antigen given over a period of months or years to increase tolerance to an antigen responsible for severe allergies |
| biological immunotherapy | use of immune system stimulates to enhance the immune system response in the treatment of certain forms of cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn disease |
| bone marrow aspiration | removal of a small sample of bone marrow using a thin aspirating needle (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination |
| bone marrow transplant | infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after the diseased bone marrow is destroyed by chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy; used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia and certain cancers |
| autologous bone marrow transplant | infusion of the patients own bone marrow or stem cells after a course of chemo or radiation therapy |
| homologous bone marrow transplant | infusion of bone marrow or stem cells from a compatible donor after a course of chemotherapy and or radiation |
| lymphadenectomy | removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures undertaken to remove malignant tissue |
| sentinel node excision | removal of the first node (sentinel node) that receives drainage from cancer-containing areas and the one likely to contain malignant cells |
| transfusion | infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another person (recipient) |
| antinuclear antibody (ANA) | test to identify antibodies that attack the nucleus of one individuals own body cells (auto-antibodies) |
| blood culture | test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream |
| complete blood count (CBC) | series of tests that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, and differential count |
| monospot | nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophiles antibody, which develops several days after infection by Epstein Barr virus, the organism that caused infectious mononucleosis |
| partial thromboplastin time (PTT) | test that measures the length of time it takes blood to clot to screen for deficiencies of some clotting factors |
| prothrombin time | test that measures the time it takes for prothrombin to form a clot |
| Shilling test | test used to diagnose pernicious anemia by determining if the body properly absorbs vitamin B12 through the digestive tract |
| bone marrow MRI | highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in multiple myeloma |
| lymphangiography | visualization of lymphatic channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymph system |
| lymphoscintigraphy | introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node |
Created by:
arehberg
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