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HSCI 131
Chapter 7 Respiratory System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| carbon dioxide | tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism |
| cartilage | tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone |
| cilia | hairlike structure, moves particles |
| diffuse | to move or spread out a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces |
| mucous membrane | moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of that body that open to the environment, AKA mucosa |
| oxygen | tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration |
| pH | symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance |
| septum | wall dividing two cavities |
| serous membrane | thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist, also called serosa |
| ventilation | breathing |
| nasal cavity | where air is drawn in, lined with mucous membranes and cilia. where air is filtered, heated and moistened |
| nasal septum | vertical partition of cartilage dividing the nasal cavity into right and left sides |
| olfactory neurons | receptors for the sense of smell |
| pharynx | throat, a muscular tube that serves as a passageway for food and air with three sections (naso, oro, and laryngopharynx) |
| nasopharynx | posterior to the nose, where adenoids (lymphoid tissue) are located |
| oropharynx | posterior to the mouth, where tonsils are located |
| laryngopharynx | superior to the larynx |
| larynx | voice box, short passage that joins the the pharynx with the trachea |
| epiglottis | leaf shaped structure on top of the larynx, seals off the air passage to the lungs during swallowing |
| trachea | windpipe, provides rigidity to keep the air passage open |
| bronchi | two branches of the trachea, one leads to the right lung and one leads to the left lung |
| bronchioles | small branches of the bronchi |
| alveoli | tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles, expand and contract with air inflow and outflow |
| pulmonary capillaries | lie next to the thin tissue membranes of the alveoli. carbon dioxide diffuses through the blood here to enter the alveolar space |
| mediastinum | space between the right and left lungs that contains the heart, aorta, esophagus and bronchi |
| pleura | serous membrane that covers the loves of the lungs and folds over to line the walls of the thoracic cavity |
| visceral pleura | membrane lying closest to the lung |
| parietal pleura | the membrane that lines the thoracic cavity |
| pleural cavity | space between the visceral and parietal pleural membranes, containing small amounts of lubricating fluid that permits the visceral pleura to glide smoothly over the parietal pleura during breathing |
| diaphragm | large muscular partition, lying between the chest and the abdominal cavities, assists in changing the volume of the thoracic cavity to produce the needed pressure differential for ventilation |
| inspiration | drawing air into the lungs |
| expiration | air leaving the lungs |
| pulmonary ventilation | breathing: largely involuntary, that moves air in and out of the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles |
| external respiration | exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries |
| transport of respiratory gases | occurs when blood, aided by the cardiovascular system, transports CO2 to the lungs and O2 to body cells |
| internal respiration | exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries |
| nas/o | nose |
| rhin/o | nose |
| rhinoplasty | surgical repair of the nose |
| sept/o | septum |
| sinus/o | sinus, cavity |
| sinusotomy | incision of any of the sinuses |
| adenoid/o | adenoids |
| tonsill/o | tonsils |
| pharyng/o | pharynx (throat) |
| epiglott/o | epiglottis |
| laryng/o | larynx (voice box) |
| trache/o | trachea (windpipe) |
| bronchi/o, bronch/o | bronchus |
| alveol/o | alveolus |
| pleur/o | pleura |
| pneum/o | air; lung |
| pneumon/o | air; lung |
| pulmon/o | lung |
| anthrac/o | coal, coal dust |
| anthracosis | abnormal condition of coal dust (in the lungs) |
| atel/o | incomplete; imperfect |
| atelectasis | incomplete expansion of the lung; also called airless lung or collapsed lung |
| coni/o | dust |
| pneumoconiosis | condition of dust in the lungs |
| cyan/o | blue |
| lob/o | lobe |
| orth/o | straight |
| orthopnea | breathing in a straight or upright position |
| ox/i or ox/o | oxygen |
| pector/o, steth/o, thorac/o | chest |
| phren/o | diaphragm; mind |
| phrenospasm | involuntary contraction of the diaphragm |
| spir/o | breathe |
| -capnia | carbon dioxide |
| -osmia | smell |
| hypercapnia | excessive CO2 |
| anosmia | without the sense of smell |
| -phonia | voice |
| disphonia | bad voice |
| -pnea | breathing |
| -ptysis | spitting |
| hemoptysis | coughing up or spitting of blood |
| -thorax | chest |
| py/o | pus |
| brady- | slow |
| dys- | bad; painful; difficult |
| eu- | good, normal |
| tachy- | rapid |
| pulmonology | medical speciality concerned with disorders of the respiratory system |
| pulmonologist | physician who treats disorders of the respiratory system |
| bronchospasms | spasms in the bronchial passages that may be sudden and violent |
| paroxysmal | violent spasm |
| productive cough | cough producing mucus |
| exacerbations | flare-ups of the bronchial passage |
| mucolytics | agents that loosen and break down mucus |
| bronchodilators | medications that expand the bronchi by relaxing their smooth muscles |
| status asthmaticus | life-threatening condition that can come from bronchospasms |
| chronic bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi caused mainly by smoking and air pollution |
| expectorants | medications that aid in the removal of mucus by widening the air passages |
| emphysema | decreased elasticity of the alveoli |
| influenza | flu: acute infectious respiratory viral disease |
| pandemics | worldwide epidemics |
| virulent | highly infectious |
| myalgia | muscle pain |
| pleural effusion | any abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity |
| auscultation | listening to sounds made by organs of the body using a stethoscope |
| percussion | gentle tapping on the chest with the fingers and listening to the resultant sounds to determine the position, size or consistency of the underlying structures |
| transudate | noninflammatory fluid that resembles serum but with less protein |
| exudate | usually high in protein and commonly contains blood and immune cells |
| hydrothorax | pleural effusions include serum |
| empyema or pyothorax | pleural effusions includes pus |
| hemothorax | pleural effusions include blood |
| pneumothorax | air can entering the pleural space |
| thoracocentesis or thoracentesis | surgical puncture of the chest using a hollow-bore needle |
| tuberculosis | communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| droplet nuclei | droplets of respiratory secretions |
| viable | alive organism |
| acid-fast bacillus | AFB waxy coat of bacterium resists staining in the laboratory |
| primary tuberculosis | the first time the TB organism enters the body, the disease develops slowly |
| tubercles | typical inflammatory nodules |
| granulomas | nodules |
| immunocompromised | when the immune system becomes impaired |
| combination therapy | treatment including several antibiotics at the same time |
| pneumonia | any inflammatory disease of the lungs |
| aspiration pneumonias | potentially fatal pneumonias resulting from food or liquid inhalation |
| lobar pneumonia | pneumonia only affecting one lobe of the lung |
| consolidation | swollen and engorged lung tissue |
| pneumocystis pneumonia | PCP pneumonia closely associated with AIDS |
| normal flora | organisms that reside in or on most people |
| opportunistic | organisms becomes infectious |
| lavage | bronchial washings |
| cystic fibrosis | hereditary disorder of the exocrine glands that causes the body to secrete extremely thick mucus |
| viscous | thick |
| aerosols | mists |
| sweat tests | measures the amount of salt excreted in sweat |
| acute respiratory distress syndrome | ARDS condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of a patient |
| systemic infections | affect the entire body |
| hyaline membrane disease | HMD: infant respiratory distress syndrome. most commonly seen in preterm infants |
| surfactant | phospholipid substance that helped keep alveoli open |
| cyanosis | blueness |
| nares | nostrils |
| bronchogenic carcinoma | lung cancer, malignancy that arises from the epithelium of the bronchial tree |
| acidosis | excessive acidity of body fluids |
| anosmia | absence of the sense of smell |
| apnea | temporary loss of breathing |
| sleep apnea | sleeping disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly for more than 10 seconds, causing measurable blood deoxygenation |
| asphyxia | condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen |
| atelectasis | collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affects all or part of a lung |
| Cheyne-Stokes respiration | repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth of respiration; first deeply, then shallow, and then not at all |
| coryza | acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose (head cold) |
| crackle | abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture filled alveoli |
| croup | common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages and sometimes lungs |
| deviated nasal septum | displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and sometimes nosebleed |
| epiglottitis | severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age |
| epistaxis | nasal hemorrhage (nosebleed) |
| finger clubbing | enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes commonly associated with pulmonary disease |
| hypoxemia | oxygen deficiency in arterial blood, usually a sign of respiratory impairment |
| hypoxia | oxygen deficiency in body tissues; usually a sign of respiratory impairment |
| pertussis | acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a "whoop" sounds |
| pleurisy | inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing |
| pneumoconiosis | disease caused by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust, stone dust, iron dust, and asbestos particles |
| pulmonary edema | accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure |
| pulmonary embolism | blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter |
| rhonchus | abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation of an obstructed airway |
| stridor | high-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway |
| sudden infant death syndrome | completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than age 12 months |
| wheeze | whistling or sighing sound heard on auscultation that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway |
| aerosol therapy | lung treatment using various techniques to deliver medication in mist form directly to the lungs or air passageway |
| antral lavage | washing or irrigating of the paranasal sinuses to remove mucopurulent material in an immunosuppressed patient or one with known sinusitis that has failed medical management |
| oximetry | noninvasive method of monitoring the percentage of hemoglobin saturated with oxygen |
| polysomnography | test of sleep cycles and stage using continuous recording of brain waves, electrical activity of muscles, eye movement, respiratory rate, BP |
| postural drainage | method of positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs |
| pulmonary function tests | variety of tests used to evaluate respiratory function, the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane |
| spirometry | PFT that measures the breathing capacity of the lungs, including the time necessary for exhaling the total volume of inhaled air |
| endotracheal intubation | procedure in which a plastic tube is inserted into a trachea to maintain an open airway |
| pleurectomy | excision of part of the pleura, usually the parietal pleura |
| pneumectomy | excision of a lung or a portion of the lung, commonly for treatment of cancer |
| septoplasty | surgical repair of a deviated nasal septum usually performed when the septum is encroaching on the breathing passages or nasal structures |
| thoracentesis | surgical puncture and drainage of pleural cavity |
| tracheostomy | surgical procedure in which an opening is made in the neck and into the trachea into which a breathing tube may be inserted |
| Mantoux test | intradermal test to determine tuberculin sensitivity based on a positive reaction where the area around the test site becomes red and swollen |
| bronchoscopy | visual examination of the bronchi using an endoscope inserted through the mouth and trachea for direct viewing of structures or for projection on a monitor |
| laryngoscopy | visual examination of the larynx to detect tumors, foreign bodies, nerve or structural injury or other abnormalities |
| mediastinoscopy | visual examination of the mediastinal structures including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes |
| arterial blood gas (ABG) | test that measures dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in arterial blood |
| sputum culture | microbial test used to identify disease-causing organisms of the lower respiratory tract, especially those that causes pneumonias |
| throat culture | test used to identify pathogens, especially group A streptococci |
| computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) | minimally invasive imaging that combines computed tomography scanning and angiography to produce images of the pulmonary arteries |
| ventilation perfusion scan | nuclear test scan that evaluates both airflow (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) in the lungs for evidence of a blood clot in the lungs |
Created by:
arehberg
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