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History chapter 21
lesson 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Gilded Age | highlights the inequality between wealthy business owners who profited from the industrial revolution and workers who often labored in under terrible conditions for little pay |
| Political Machines | powerful organizations that used both legal and illegal methods to get their candidates in office, stuffed ballot boxes, payed people to vote for their candidates,bribed voter counters |
| Bosses | ran political machines |
| Tammany Hall | most notorious political machine |
| William Marcy Tweed | boss of Tammany Hall |
| Members of congress | took bribes to allowed the union Pacific railway to receive government funds |
| Thomas Jefferson | 1st to reward supporters with jobs |
| Rutherford B. Hayes | made minor reforms such as firing a powerful member of the New York republican political machine |
| James A. Garfield | attempted reforms/ was shot twice |
| Charles Guiteau | shot Garfield |
| Chester A. Arthur | became president after Garfield was shot / backed the pendleton act |
| Progressives | reformers that were also working to improve society in the late 1800s |
| Muckrakers | journalists that vividly described problems in US society |
| McClure's Mazazine | exposed corruption in city governments |
| Lincoln Steffens | wrote the McClure's Magazines |
| Ida B. Tarbell | wrote articles criticizing the unfair business practices of the standard oil company |
| Upton Saintclair | wrote the Jungle that exposed unsanitary practices in the meat processing industry |
| Susan Blow | opened 1st american public kindergarten in St. Louis in 1873 |
| John Dewey | key supporter of early childhood educations |
| Joseph McCormack | worked with the american medical association and brought local medical organizations in 1901 |
| Jacob Riis | wrote how the other half lives |
| 17th Amendment | allowed Americans to vote for US senators/ passed in 1913 |
| Direct Primary | voters choose canadietes for public office directly / favored by reformers |
| Recall | remove official from term early |
| Initiative | allowed voters to propose a new law by collecting signatures for a petition |
| Referendum | permitted voters to approve or reject a law that had already been proposed or past by a government body |
| Robert M La Folette | decreased the power of politcal machines and use university professoes and other experts to help write new laws and work in state agencies /WI republican govenor |
| Spoils System | practice of giving jobs to the winning candidates' suporters |
| Pendleton Civil Service Act | set up a merit system for awarding federal jobs |
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