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AFA
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Out of Africa Model | humans emerged on the continent of Africa 200,000 years ago and migrated to the rest of the world 100,000 years ago |
| Multiregional Theory | homorectus emerged in Africa 300,000 years ago and migrated to the rest of the world 200,000 years ago |
| "Eve Model" | all modern humans from a single African woman (Lucy of the nile) |
| Theory 1 of Pyramids | pyramids were built by slaves |
| Theory 2 of Pyramids | climate zone wasn't desert so artisans crafted the pyramids |
| Theory 3 of Pyramids | aliens built the pyramids |
| Pyramids | royal burial tombs |
| Martin Bernal "Race Debate" | black egyptians colonized ancient Greece and became progenitors of Western civilizations |
| Mary Leftkowitz "Race Debate" | modern racial categories irrelevant to ancient Egypt; egypt influenced Greek and Western civilizations |
| West Africa | where 98% of Africans in the Transatlantic slave trade came from; home to a variety of cultures and languages (52 languages) |
| Empire of Ghana | first known kingdom in the western Sudan; founded between fourth and eight centuries CE; destroyed by commerce and religin in the 12th century |
| Tenkamentim | (1062-1076) first ancient ruler of West Africa; lived in a "fortified castle with stained glass windows and art throughout |
| Empire of Mali | (1230-1468) larger than Ghana, greater rainfall, more crops, control of Wangara gold mines, population reached eight million |
| Sundiata | led the Mandinka to victory over the Sosso in 1235 |
| Mansa Musa | reigned 1312-1337; pilgrimaged across Africa to Mecca in Arabia ; decreased the value of gold because he gave it out |
| Empire of Songhai | (1461-1564) last and largest of the SUndanese empire |
| Sunna Ali | reigned 1464-1492; conquered people paid trade affairs |
| Askia Muhammad Toure | reigned 1492-1528; expanded empire; centralized administration of the empire; substituted taxation for tribute; established beuracratic trade regulation; used his power to spread Islam within the empire |
| Askia Duad | reigned 1549-1582; |
| Portugese | the first Europeans on the coast of West Africa; established trading centers along the Guinea coast |
| Women | served as government officials in ancient Ghana; the enslaved in the royal court also held official posts; had increased sexual freedoms and could have male friends outside of their relatives (in ancient West Africa) |
| Sande | a secret society for women; taught sex education to gins; emphasized female virtue; initiated into adulthood (cut off clitoris when completed) |
| Poro | male secret society; established male conduct; emphasized ,ale honor (males got snipped when completed) |
| Royalty | landed nobles, warriors, peasants, bureaucrats |
| Lower classes | artisans and laboreers, blacksmiths, butchers, tanners, and oral historians |
| Slavery in West Africa | common in the savannah region than other areas; variety of forms not necessarily a permanent condition |
| Islamic regions and slavery | masters responsible for slaves; religious well-being |
| Non-Islamic regions and slavery | children of slaves; legal to rights; not to be sold from the land they occupied; slaves in royal courts or in the armies ; owned property and often held power over free people; agricultural slaves |
| Religion in 15th cenury West Africa | Islam introduced by Arab traders; the religion of merchants and bureacrats; fostered learning and building mosques in Wes Africa cities |
| Indigenous (traditional) religions | strongest in forest areas; considered Polytheistic by Westerners; one creator God and a host of lessors gods; saw the force of God in all things; ancestor worship, magicians, and oracles; ceremonies and animal sacrifices |
| Western European countries expand during 15th century | explore, conquer, and colonize; traded with eastern markets of India, China and Japan; demand for laboreers led to Atlantic slave trade |
| Slave trade in Africa | ancient and universal phenomena; African kingdoms and Islamic nations conduct brisk commerce; not race based; Arab merchants and West Africa kings imported white slaves from Europe; dealt mainly in women and children who serve as concubines and servants |
| Atlantic slave trade | harsher than West Africa, race based; most were males (believed they were stringer laborers than females); females did farm work (often withheld from trade) |
| Chattel slavery | lost rights as human beings; were legal private property; seved masters for life |
| Triangle trade and profits | slavery, tobacco, and sugar profits funded the Industrial Revolution |
| High mortality | exhaustion, suicide, murder; long forced marches from interior to coast; one-third perish between capture and embarkation |
| Factories | served as headquarters for traders; warehouses for trade goods; pens or dungeons for captures |
| The slavers | small and narrow ships; two slaves per ship- tonnage formula; most captains were "tight packers"; crowded, unsanitary conditions; slaves rode in planks "66 x 15" (only 20'-25' of headroom); males chained together in pairs kept apart fromwomen and children |
| Provisions for Middle Passage | slaves fed twice per day; poor and insufficient diet: vegetabke pulps, stews, and fruits, denied meat or fish; ten people ate from one bucket (unwashed hands spread disease |
| Historian Barbara Bush | believed Middle passage horrors depressed sex drives |
| Pre sale | bathed and exercised; oiled bodies to conceal blemishes and bruises; put hemp plugs into open wounds |
| Tobacco | chesapeake; increased demands for labor and slaves; racial prejudice; fewer white indentured servants available; more Africans available; fear of class conflict |
| Rice | low country; early settlers were immigrants from Barbados; brought slaves with them; never any black indentured servants |
| Slave codes | sets of laws during the colonial period and'or in individual states after the American Revolution |
| Task system | permitted autonomy without white supervision; preserved more of their African heritage |
| Gang slavery | work 6 1/2 days get two holidays (Christmas and Master's birthday) |
| Miscegenation | the interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types; extensive in British North America in 17th and 18th centuries, though less accepted than in European sugar colonies in Caribbean, Latin America, or French Canada. |
| Creolization | the process in which creole cultures emerge in the New World |
| Dutch | created fried chicken |
Created by:
danat214
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