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HSCI 131
Chapter 4 Body Structure
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| chromatin | structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins. condenses to form chromosomes during cell division |
| chromosome | threadlike structure within the nucleus composed of DNA that carries hereditary information encoded in genes. |
| each sperm and each egg has ______ unpaired chromosomes | 23 |
| after fertilization, each cell of the embryo has _____ chromosomes | 46 (23 pairs) |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid: molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides |
| diaphragm | muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity |
| metabolism | sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism |
| organelle | cellular structure that provides a specialized function |
| function of the nucleus | reproduction, metabolism and growth, carries genetic blueprint |
| function of the ribosomes | protein synthesis |
| function of the golgi apparatus | removal of material from the cell |
| function of the lysosomes | digestion |
| levels of organization of the body in order from least to most complex | cell, tissue, organ, system, organism |
| cell | smallest structural and functional unit of life |
| function of cells | utilizing food, eliminating waste, reproducing |
| three main parts of a cell | cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus |
| cytology | study of the body at the cellular level |
| function of the cell membrane | acts as a barrier that supports and protects the intracellular contents |
| cytoplasm | jellylike matrix of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients |
| histology | study of tissues |
| 4 major tissues of the body | epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
| epithelial tissue | covers surfaces of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, makes up epidermis of the skin |
| connective tissue | supports and connects other tissues and organs. made up of fibroblasts, fat cells and blood |
| muscle tissue | provides the contractile tissue of the body which is responsible for movement |
| nervous tissue | transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body |
| anatomical position | body posture used to locate anatomical parts or divisions. body standing erect and facing forward. arms at the sides with palms with palms facing forward |
| plane | a plane is an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections |
| median plane | midsagittal: right and left halves |
| frontal plane | coronal: anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) aspects |
| horizontal plane | transverse: superior (upper) and inferior (lower) aspects |
| dorsal cavity includes: | cranial and spinal |
| ventral cavity includes: | thoracic and abdominopelvic |
| what major organ is found in the cranial cavity | brain |
| what major organ is found in the spinal cavity | spinal cord |
| what major organ is found in the thoracic cavity | heart, lungs, and associated structures |
| what major organ is found in the abdominopelvic cavity | digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs and structures |
| abbreviation and major structures located in the right upper abdominopelvic quadrant | RUQ right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas, part of small and large intestines |
| abbreviation and major structures located in the left upper abdominopelvic quadrant | LUQ left lobe of the liver, the stomach, the spleen, part of the pancreas, part of small and large intestines |
| abbreviation and major structures located in the right lower abdominopelvic quadrant | RLQ part of the small and large intestines, appendix, right ovary, right fallopian tube, right ureter |
| abbreviation and major structures located in the left lower abdominopelvic quadrant | LLQ part of small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter |
| location of right hypochondriac region | upper right lateral region beneath the ribs |
| location of the epigastric region | upper middle region |
| location of the left hypochondriac region | upper left lateral region beneath the ribs |
| location of the right lumbar region | middle right lateral region |
| location of the umbilical region | region of the navel |
| location of the left lumbar region | middle left lateral region |
| location of the right inguinal (iliac) region | lower right lateral region |
| location of the hypogastric region | lower middle region |
| location of the left inguinal (iliac) region | lower left lateral region |
| abduction | movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or of one of its parts |
| adduction | movement toward the median plane of the body |
| medial | pertaining to the midline of the body or structure |
| lateral | pertaining to a side |
| superior (cephalad) | toward the head or upper portion of a structure |
| inferior (caudal) | away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure |
| proximal | nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body |
| distal | further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body |
| anterior (ventral) | front of the body |
| posterior (dorsal) | back of the body |
| parietal | pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity |
| visceral | pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs |
| prone | lying on the abdomen, face down |
| supine | lying horizontally on the back, face up |
| inversion | turning inward or inside out |
| eversion | turning outward |
| palmar | pertaining to the palm of the hand |
| plantar | pertaining to the sole of the foot |
| superficial | toward the surface of the body (external) |
| deep | away from the surface of the body (internal) |
| cyt/o | cell (cytologist: specialist in the study of cells) |
| hist/o | tissue (histology: study of tissues) |
| kary/o | nucleus (karyolysis: destruction of the nucleus) |
| nucle/o | nucleus (nuclear: pertaining to the nucleus) |
| anter/o | anterior, front (anterior: pertaining to the front) |
| caud/o | tail (caudad: toward the tail) |
| cephal/o | head (cephalad: toward the head) |
| dist/o | far, farthest (distal: pertaining to the farthest point of attachment) |
| dors/o | back (of body) (dorsal: pertaining to the back (of the body) |
| infer/o | lower, below (inferior: pertaining to a lower structure) |
| later/o | side, to one side (lateral: pertaining to a side) |
| medi/o | middle (mediad: toward the middle) |
| poster/o | back (of body), behind, posterior (posterior: pertaining to the back of the body) |
| proxim/o | near, nearest (proximal: pertaining to the nearest point of attachment) |
| ventr/o | belly, belly side (ventral: pertaining to the belly side) |
| abdomin/o | abdomen |
| cervic/o | neck |
| crani/o | cranium (skull) |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| illi/o | ilium |
| inguin/o | groin |
| lumb/o | loins (lower back) |
| pelv/i, pelv/o | pelvis (pelvimeter: instrument for measuring the pelvis) |
| spin/o | spine |
| thorac/o | chest |
| umbilic/o | navel |
| albin/o | white (albinism: condition of whiteness) |
| leuk/o | white (leukocyte: white cell) |
| chlor/o | green |
| chrom/o | color (heterochromic: pertaining to different colors) |
| cirrh/o | yellow (cirrhosis: abnormal yellowing) |
| jaund/o | yellow (jaundice: yellowing) |
| xanth/o | yellow (xanthosis: abnormal condition of yellowness |
| cyan/o | blue (cyanotic: pertaining to blueness) |
| erythr/o | red (erythrocyte: red cell) |
| melan/o | black (melanoma: black tumor) |
| poli/o | gray; gray matter (poliomyelitis: inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord) |
| acr/o | extremity |
| eti/o | cause |
| idi/o | unknown, peculiar (idiopathic: pertaining to an unknown cause of disease) |
| morph/o | form, shape, structure |
| path/o | disease |
| radi/o | radiation |
| somat/o | body |
| son/o | sound |
| tom/o | to cut (tomography: process of recording a cut) |
| viscer/o | internal organs (visceral: pertaining to internal organs) |
| xer/o | dry (xerosis: abnormal condition of dryness) |
| -genesis | forming, producing, origin (pathogenesis: origin of disease) |
| -gnosis | knowing (prognosis: knowing before) |
| -gram | record, writing (arteriogram: record of an artery) |
| -gragh | instrument for recording |
| -graphy | process of recording |
| -logist | specialist in the study of |
| -logy | study of |
| -meter | instrument for measuring |
| -metry | act of measuring |
| -pathy | disease (gastropathy: disease of the stomach) |
| ab- | from, away from (abduction) |
| ad- | toward |
| hetero- | different |
| homeo- | same, alike |
| infra- | below, under (infracostal: pertaining to the area below the ribs) |
| peri- | around |
| super- | upper, above |
| trans- | across, through |
| ultra- | excess, beyond |
| homeostasis | stable internal environment |
| signs | objective indicators that are observable |
| symptom | subjective indicator of disease |
| diagnosis | establishing the cause and nature of a disease (Dx) |
| prognosis: | prediction of the course of a disease |
| sequelae | complications that arise from a disease, treatment or injury |
| adhesion | abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally seperated |
| ascites | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity |
| edema | abnormal accumulation of fluid within tissue space |
| febrile | pertaining to a fever, also called pyretic |
| gangrene | death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction, trauma or infection |
| hernia | protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it |
| inflammation | body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, her, pain and sometimes loss of function |
| mycosis | any fungal infection in or on the body |
| perforation | hole that completely penetrates a structure |
| peritonitis | inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs |
| rupture | sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ |
| sepsis | pathological state, usually febrile, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the bloodstream |
| suppuration | producing or associated with the generation of pus |
| infusion therapy | delivery of fluids directly into the blood stream via a vein for treating various disorders; also called IV therapy |
| alblation | removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency |
| anastomosis | surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another |
| cauterize | destruction of tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals |
| curettage | scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curet |
| incision and drainage (I & D) | incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity |
| laser surgery | use of a high intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, stop bleeding blood vessels, or for cosmetics purposes |
| resection | removal of part of all of a structure, organ or tissue |
| revision | surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery |
| assessment techniques | sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient |
| inspection | general observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas |
| palpation | gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures |
| percussion | tapping a structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence absence of fluids within the underlying structures |
| auscultation | listening to the heart, bowel and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds |
| endoscopy | visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope |
| blood chemistry analysis | laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to evaluate various substances to determine whether they fall within a normal range |
| complete blood count (CBC) | panel of blood tests used as a broad screening test for anemias, infections, and other diseases |
| organ-disease panels | series of blood tests used to evaluate a specific organ (liver panel) or disease (anemia panel) |
| computed tomography (CT) | imaging technique in which an x-ray emitter rotates around the area to be scanned and a computer measures the intensity of transmitted x-rays from different angles |
| fluoroscopy | technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissues |
| nuclear scan | technique in which a radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested or injected) and a specialized camera (gamma camera) is used to produce images of organs and structures |
| positron emission tomography (PET) | computed tomography records the positrons (positive charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease |
| radiography | technique in which x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate an image, also called an x-ray |
| single photon emission computed tomography | radiological technique that integrates computed tomography and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs |
| ultrasonography | high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure |
| biopsy | removal of a representative tissue sample from a body site for a microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis |
| excisional biopsy | biopsy in which the entire lesion is removed |
| incisional biopsy | biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed |
Created by:
arehberg
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