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Bio/Biochem
MCAT Study Cards
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Alanine | A, nonpolar |
| Cysteine | C, polar |
| Aspartic Acid | D, polar (-) |
| Glutamic Acid | E, polar (-) |
| Phenylalanine | F, nonpolar |
| Glycine | G, nonpolar |
| Histidine | H, polar (+/-) |
| Isoleucine | I, nonpolar |
| Lysine | K, polar (+) |
| Leucine | L, nonpolar |
| Methionine | M, start codon, nonpolar |
| Asparagine | N, polar, (+) |
| Proline | P, nonpolar, kinks in DNA |
| Glutamine | Q, polar |
| Arginine | R, polar (+) |
| Serine | S, polar |
| Threonine | T, polar |
| Valine | V, nonpolar |
| Tryptophan | W, nonpolar |
| Tyrosine | Y, nonpolar |
| Protista | plants, animals, fungi, eukaryotes |
| Archae | extremophiles |
| Bacteria | prokaryotes diverse capsules with a cell wall and a plasma membrane |
| Bacterial reproduction | one origin of replication, all offspring identical, binary fission, and circular DNA |
| lag phase | adjusting to environment, little to no growth |
| exponential phase | grow exponentially |
| stationary phase | number of bacteria growing equal the number dying |
| death phase | bacteria has used up all nutrients all bacteria die *This does not happen in endospores |
| coccus | circular bacteria |
| bacilla | rod shaped bacteria |
| spirochete | long squiggly bacteria |
| Gram Staining Purple | plasma membrane, thick peptidoglycan, capsule |
| Gram Staining Pink | plasma membrane, thin peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide |
| conjugation | F+ and F- fertility factors transmit DNA via a sex pylus |
| transduction | virus infects bacteria and DNA is taken up by the host |
| transformation | bacteria take up naked DNA |
| Lytic cycle | impatient, host cell breaks open and releases all viruses |
| Lysogenic cycle | dormant for a time, fuse with host and multiply, excise and enter lytic cycle |
| Receptor mediated endocytosis | no envelope, virus must enter via receptor |
| direct fusion | utilization of envelope to attach to host |
| retroviruses | RNA to DNA by reverse transcriptase, integrase into host cell, lysogenic immediately to lytic, bud off |
| viroids | circular RNA, plants only |
| prions | only protein in cell, no RNA or DNA |
| fecundity | the ability to reproduce |
| population bottleneck | a stress event that wipes out most or all the population |
| pre-zygotic reproductive isolation | mechanical, temporal, geographical, behavior |
| post-zygotic reproductive isolation | zygote mortality, hybrid viability, sterility |
| endoderm | Gastrointestinal tract and lungs |
| mesoderm | skin (inner), muscle, bone, heart, renal system, reproductive system |
| ectoderm | skin (outer), nervous system |
| aldosterone | adrenal cortex increase sodium reabsorption, water retention, and increase BP |
| antidiuretic hormone | hypothalamus increase water permeability, increase BP |
| descending loop of henle | water only |
| ascending loop of henle | ions only |
| muscular system, high Ca | binds troponin, moves myosin out of the way, contraction occurs |
| muscular system, low Ca | troponin moves back into place, makes tropomyosin |
| Respiratory CO2 increases | pH decreases |
| Respiratory key equilibrium | CO2 + water -> H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+ |
| systolic pressure | blood is being forced from left ventricle to aorta |
| diastolic pressure | blood is not being pumped, relaxation of ventricles |
| cardiac muscle | nucleus, striations, intercalated disks, moves blood |
| smooth muscle | moves food, urine, and reproductive tracts |
| skeletal muscle | muscle fibers type I and type II, generates heat |
| type I muscle fiber | slow, tryglyceride |
| type II muscle fiber | fast, creatine phosphate and ATP, red |
| mouth | salivary amylase and lingual lipase |
| esophagus | peristalsis |
| stomach | chief cells, parietal cells, mucous cells |
| chief cells | pepsinogen |
| parietal cells | HCl which activates pepsin |
| exocrine pancreas | amylase, lipase, trypsinogen, bicarbonate |
| endocrine pancrease | glucagon and insulin |
| small intestine | peptidase, lactase, nucleosidase |
| large intestine | absorption, no breakdown |
| liver | glycogenolysis, glycolysis |
| portal triad | hepatic artery, hepatic duct, and portal vein |
| gall bladder | bile |
| hypothalamus | gonadotropin releasing hormone, corticotropic releasing hormone, thyrotropin releasing hormone, prolactin inhibiting factor |
| anterior pituitary | FSH, LH, thyroid stimulating hormone, prolactin, growth hormone, adrenocorticotropic horrmon |
| posterior pituitary | oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone |
| sympathetic nervous system | brain, spinal cord, fight or flight |
| parasympathetic nervous system | all other nerves, rest and digest |
| astrocytes | homeostasis, blood brain barrier, scaffolding |
| microglia | immune system, inflammation, kill bacteria |
| ependymal | barriers, cerebral spinal fluid |
| membrane depolarization | opening Na opening K closing Na closing K |
| Na/K ATP pump | 3 Na out, 2 K in cell |
| leak channels | K out |
| First line of defense | skin and stomach acid |
| second line of defense | phagocytosis, white blood cells, inflammatory response |
| third line of defense | lymphocytes (specific) |
| B cells | marrow, humoral response |
| memory cells | remember the antigen |
| plasma cells | make and release antibodies |
| T cells | thymus, cell-mediated response |
| suppressor cells | decrease anti-antigen activity |
| helper cells | activate B and T cells (CD4) |
| cytoxic cells | destroy (CD8) |
| LH | increase estrogen and testosterone flow |
| FSH | increase before ovulation |
| inhibin | decrease FSH to prevent shedding |
| progesterone | protect the corpus luteum |
| sperm | 4 spermatids created, two meiosis |
| egg | one oocyte created, one polar body, arrested at prophase I before ovulation |
| trypsin | cleaves carboxyl end of arginine and lysine |
| chymotrypsin | cleaves carboxyl end of aromatic amino acids |
| zwitterion | deprotonated carboxyl and protonated amine |
| x-axis Lineweaver-Burke | -1/Km |
| y-axis Lineweaver-Burke | 1/Vmax |
| competitive inhibitor | change in Km |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | change in Vmax |
| uncompetitive | change in Vmax and Km |
| apoenzyme | enzyme that needs a nonprotein molecule to behave catalytically |
| Native PAGE | separate by molecular size or charge, very limited if both vary |
| SDS-PAGE | separates by only molecular weight by making all proteins net negative charge |
| Isoelectric Focusing | separated based on pI |
| G protein coupled receptors | have a membrane-bound protein associated with a trimeric G protein. Involves GTP |
| selectins | allow cells to adhere to carbohydrates on surfaces of other cells |
| integrins | permit cells to adhere to proteins in the extracellular matrix |
| cadherins | Ca-dependent glycoproteins that hold similar cells together |
| lacZ | Beta-galactosidase cleaves lactose into glucose and galactose |
| lacY | encodes for lactose permease which helps transport lactose into the cell |
| lacA | encodes for galactoside O-acetyltransferase |
| lac repressor | absence of lactose halts production of enzymes encoded by the lac operon |
| CAP (catabolite activator protein) | in presence of glucose CAP remains inactive shutting down lacY to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. |
| agonist | binds to receptor and activates to produce a biological response |
| antagonist | blocks or dampens biological responses |
| phosphatase | cleaves phosphate bonds |
| kinase | add phosphate bonds |
| proteins | nucleus -> rough ER -> golgi apparatus |
| primers | high GC content at 5' and 3' ends |
| which amino acid isomers are used to form proteins? | L isomers |
| which produces more ATP aerobic or anaerobic metabolism | Aerobic |
| microtubules | tubulin and protonfilament |
| microfilament | actin and myosin |
| Hardy Weinberg equation | p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 |
| Hardy Weinberg assumptions | natural selection, migration, random drift, and random mating |
| G cells | in stomach, produce gastrin |
| hypotonic medium | lots of water, small solute water moves into the cells |
| hypertonic medium | less water, lots of solute water moves out of cells |
| calcitonin | lowers calcium levels |
| parathyroid hormone | raises calcium levels |
| endoplasmic reticulum | forms compartments and vesicles, participate in protein (rough) and lipid (smooth) synthesis |
| golgi apparatus | packages proteins for export from the cell, forms secretory vesicles |
| lysosome | digest worn out organelles and other cell debris, large role in cell death |
| peroxisome | isolate particular chemical activities from rest of cell |
| nucleolus | assembles ribosomes (rRNA synthesis) |
| ribosomes | protein synthesis (on rough ER) |
| phospholipid | phosphate and alcohol joined by fatty acid tail by phosphodiester bonds |
| glycerophospholipids | ester linkages |
| sphingolipids | can contain phosphatidylethanolamine groups |
| waxes | long chain fatty acid and long chain alcohols |
| terpene | formed from isoprene units of multiple 5 carbons, strongly scented |
| steroids | 3 cyclohexanes, 1 cyclopentane |
| prostaglandins | 20 C unsaturated carboxylic acid. One 5 Carbon ring cAMP regulation |
| vitamin A | vision, carotene, aldehyde form |
| vitamin D | calcitrol bone production |
| vitamin E | biological antioxidant |
| vitamin K | post translational modification, important for prothrombin (clotting) |
| triacylglycerol | energy storage, 3 fatty acids connected by ester linkages to glycerol |
| saponification | cleaves ester bonds in triacylglycerols |
| histones | group of small basic proteins DNA is wrapped around |
| interphase | when cell undergoes DNA replication |
| heterochromatin | transcriptionally silent, highly repetitive, in centromeres |
| euchromatin | genetically active DNA |
| DNA poly III | prokaryotes, adds nucleotides to growing daughter strand |
| DNA poly alpha | eukaryotes, adds nucleotides to growing daughter strand |
| DNA poly I | prokaryotes fills in gaps after RNA primer excision |
| mismatch repair | G2 phase removes errors that were not detected in S phase |
| nt excision repair | removal of thymine dimers |
| excision endonuclease | nicks in phosphodiester backbone |
| cDNA | no introns, only mRNA, involves reverse transcriptase |
| Southern Blotting | DNA transferred to membrane after gel electrophoresis. Probed with single stranded DNA. Restriction endonuclease |
| nonsense mutation | now codes for stop codon |
| frameshift mutation | number of nt added or deleted that can cause elongation or truncation of protein |
| RNA poly II | transcribe mRNA |
| RNA poly I | synthesize rRNA |
| RNA poly III | synthesize tRNA |
| A site | aminoacyl |
| P site | peptidyl |
| E site | exit site |
| transcription factors | bind to the promoter |
| unsaturated fatty acids | one or more double bonds, fluidity in membrane |
| saturated fatty acids | less healthy, decrease membrane fluidity |
| cholesterol | at low T imparts membrane fluidity at high T decreases fluidity |
| tight jxns | epethelial cells prevent solutes from leaking into space, create voltage gradients |
| gap jxns | direct cell cell communication, permit water and some solutes |
| GLUT 2 | low affinity transporter, hepatocytes |
| GLUT 4 | adipose tissue, Km close to glucose levels in blood |
| Hexokinase | inhibited by G6P, phosphorylates glucose so it cannot leave the cell |
| PFK-1 | F6P to F-1,6-BP, inhibited by ATP and citrate, activated by AMP and activated by F-2,6-BP |
| pyruvate kinase | activates F-1,6-BP through a feed forward mechanism |
| Glycolysis in erythrocytes | produces 2,3-BPG which decreases the affinity for O2 for Hb |
| lactase | lactose to Galactose + glucose in brush borders of duodenum |
| pyruvate dehydrogenase | inhibited by Acetyl CoA |
| glycogen synthase | forms alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds |
| branching enzyme | forms alpha 1,6 linked bond that helps glycogen granule grow |
| glycogen phosphorylase | breaks alpha 1,4 bond |
| debranching enzyme | hydrolyzes alpha 1,6 bond |
| pyruvate carboxylase | activated by Acetyl CoA |
| PEP carboxykinase | induced by glucagon and cortisol |
| F-1,6-BPase | activated by ATP, inhibited by AMP and F-2,6-BP |
| glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | utilized in PPP, induced by insulin, produces NADPH and R5P |
| Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex | thiamine pyrophosphatase to oxidize pyruvate |
| carnitine | can be transported across the mitochondrial membrane for Acetyl CoA synthesis |
| complex I ETC | Fe-S cluster to transfer e-, 4H+ translocated |
| complex II ETC | no H+ pumping, Fe-S to transfer e- |
| complex III ETC | 4 H+ translocated, form cyt C |
| Complex IV ETC | cytochromes and Cu2+ to transfer e- cyt C to O2 (final) 2H+ transloacted |
| Beta oxidation steps | oxidation, hydration, oxidation, splitting to form Acetyl CoA |
| odd number fatty acid | forms 1 acetyl coA and 1 palmitoyl coA per 5C |
| even number fatty acid | forms 2 acetyl coA per 4C |
| glucogenic amino acids | all but leucine and lysine |
| epimer | two isomers that differ in configuration at one stereogenic center |
| anomer | cyclic polysaccharide that differ in configuration specifically at the hemiacetal/acetal carbon |
| chemotaxis | the movement of a motile cell or organism in a direction corresponding to a gradient increasing or decreasing for a particular substance |
Created by:
missmartian
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