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ch8 out of many
chapter 8 out of many
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Shays’ Rebellion | an armed movement of debt~ridden farmers in western Massachusetts in the winter of 1786~1787. The rebellion created a crisis atmosphere. |
| Nationalists | group of leaders in the 1780s that spearheaded the drive to replace the Articles of Confederation with a stronger central government. |
| “To relieve the Distress” | rural political party campaigning under the slogan who captured the legislature in 1786 and enacted a radical currency law in Rhode Island. |
| Annapolis Convention | conference of state delegates at Annapolis, Maryland, that issued a call in September 1786 for a conventions to meet at Philadelphia to consider fundamental changes. |
| Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, and Johns Adams | all were missing from the convention to get rid of the article of confederation |
| James Madison | took the only notes of the convention which tells today how the constitution came to be. |
| Virginia Plan | proposal calling for a national legislature in which the states would be represented according to population. |
| William Paterson | delegate of New Jersey who introduced an alternative, a set of “purely federal” principles |
| New Jersey Plan | proposal of the New Jersey delegation for a strengthened national government in which all states would have an equal representation in a unicameral legislature |
| Great Compromise | plan proposed at the 1787 Constitutional Convention for creating a national bicameral legislature in which all states would be equally represented in the Senate and proportionally represented in the House. |
| Commerce Clause | that all commerce taxes would be collected by the whole nation if they be foreign |
| “Fetus of Monarchy” | said by Edmund Randolph of VA opposing to Alexander Hamilton’s response of that the executive should be appointed for life |
| James Madison | also known as the father of the constitution |
| Federalists | supporters of the constitution who favored its ratification |
| Anti~federalist | opponents of the constitution in the debate over its ratification |
| Mary Otis Warren | leading critic of the new constitution |
| The Federalists | a brilliant series of essays in defense of the new constitution written in 1787 and 1788 by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. |
| New Hampshire | in 1788 June 21, it was the 9th state to ratify the constitution. |
| Bill of Rights | twelve proposals of which ten survived the ratification process in 1791. |
| Thomas Jefferson | secretary of state |
| Alexander Hamilton | treasury |
| Henry Knox | war department |
| Edmund Randolph | Justice Department as attorney general. |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | act of congress that implemented the judiciary clause of the constitution by establishing the Supreme Court and a system of lower federal courts. |
| judicial review | a power implied in the constitution that gives federal courts the right to review and determine the constitutionality of acts passed by congress and state legislatures |
| John Jay | chief of justice at the supreme court for the first decade. |
| Eleventh Amendment | added in 1798, declared that no state could be sued by citizens form another state. |
| Tariff of 1789 | apart from a few selected industries, this first tariff passed by Congress was intended to raise revenue and not protect American manufacturers from foreign competition |
| French Revolution | started in 1789, many Americans welcomed the fall of the monarchy. |
| Edmond Genet | French ambassador, known as “Citizen” Genet, |
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 | confederation congress abandoned that premise for a new approach. |
| Intercourse act | basic law passed by congress in 1790 which stated that the united states would regulate trade and interaction with Indian tribes |
| federal licensing system | subsequent legislation authorized the creation of subsidized trading houses or “factories” where Indians could obtain goods at reasonable prices |
| General Arthur St.Clair | governor of the Northwest Territory |
| Hugh Henry Brackenridge | editor of the Pittsburg Gazette, argued for a tax on the “unsettled lands which all around us have been purchased by speculating men, who keep them up in large bodies and obstruct the population of the country”. |
| Whiskey Rebellion | created the greatest threat to the nation since the revolution. Was a protest put down by George Washington |
| Fallen Timbers | battle between the Indians and the Americans at Maumee country of northern Ohio in 1794. Wayne(new attorney general) crushed Indians. |
| Treaty of Greenville | treaty of 1795 in which Native Americans in the Old Northwest were forced to cede most of the present state of Ohio to the United States. |
| Jay’s Treaty | treaty with Britain negotiated in 1794 in which the United States made major concessions to avert a war over the British seizure of American ships. |
| Federalism | the sharing of powers between the national government and the states |
| Republicans | party headed by Thomas Jefferson that formed in opposition to the financial and diplomatic policies of the Federalist Party; favored limiting and placing the interests of farmers over those of financial and commercial groups. |
| XYZ Affair | diplomatic incident in 1798 in which Americans were outraged by the demand of the French for a bribe as a condition for negotiating with American diplomats |
| Quasi~War | undeclared naval war of 1797 to 1800 between the United States and France. |
| Naturalization Act | extended the period of residence required for citizenship from five years to fourteen years. |
| Alien Act And Alien Enemies Act | authorized the president to order the imprisonment or deportation of suspected aliens during wartime |
| Sedition Act | provided heavy fines and imprisonment for anyone convicted of writing, publishing, or speaking anything of “a false, scandalous and malicious” nature against the government or any of its officers. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | collective name given to four acts passed by Congress in 1798 that curtailed freedom of speech and the liberty of foreign residents in the United States. |
| States’ rights | favoring the rights of individual states over rights claimed by the national government |
| Twelfth Amendment | created separate ballots for president and vice president |
| Suffrage | the right to vote in a political election |
| “Rising Glory of America” | the address that Philip Freneau and Hugh Henry Brackenridge gave to their graduating class at Princeton in 1771. |
| Benjamin West | first American to achieve prominence in the artistic world of Europe, painted portraits in his native Pennsylvania before leaving for the Continent and England. |
| Death of General Wolfe | was one of the more acclaimed paintings of its day and first to elevate an American scene to high status of monumental historical painting. |
| Charles Willson Peale | made portraits of famous political leaders. |
| The Coquette | written in 1797 by Hannah Webster Foster. |
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