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AP History 8&9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mercenary | A professional soldier who serves in foreign army for pay. (Americans called the European mercenaries Hessians) |
| Indictment | A formal written accusation charging someone with a crime. |
| Dictatorship | A form of government characterized by absolute state power and unlimited, arbitrary control by the ruler of rulers. |
| Neutral | A nation or person not taking sides in a war. (Many colonists were apathetic or neutral, around 1/3 of colonies, didn't really care about the independence.) |
| Civilian | A citizen not in military service. |
| Traitor | One who betrays a country by aiding an enemy. |
| Confiscate | To seize private property for public use. |
| Envoy | Messenger or agent sent by a government on official business. (Benjamin Franklin sent to Paris as an envoy) |
| Rabble | A mass of disorderly and crude common people. |
| Blockade | Isolation of a place by hostile ships or troops. (French had powerful fleets, in position to jeopardize Britain's blockade and lines of supply) |
| Privateer | Private vessel temporarily authorized to capture or plunder enemy ships in wartime. |
| Graft | Taking advantage of one's official position to gain money or property by illegal means. |
| Disestablish | Separate an official state church from its connections w/ the government. (Protestant Episcopal Church) |
| Emancipation | Setting free from slavery. (Northern states provided for the emancipation of blacks) |
| Chattel | An article of personal or movable property (term applied to slaves since they were considered property of their owners) |
| Abolitionist | Advocate for the end of slavery. |
| Ratification | Official confirmation of a provisional governing document by authoritative approval. (Massachusetts submitted the final draft directly to the people for ratification) |
| Bill of Rights | Document guaranteeing certain fundamental freedoms assumed to be central to society. |
| Speculators | Buy property, goods, or financial instruments in anticipation of profitable resale after rise in value. |
| Township | Unit of local gov. that is often based on survey units. |
| Territory | In American gov., an organized political entity not yet enjoying full and equal status of the state. |
| Annex | Incorporate smaller territory or political unit into a larger one. |
| Requisition | Demand for something issued on the basis of public authority. |
| Foreclosure | Seizing private property from the owner because legal payments have not been kept up. (Rev. War Veterans were losing their farms through foreclosures) |
| Quorum | Minimum # of people who must be present in group before it can conduct business. |
| Anarchy | Theory that formal government is unnecessary. |
| Bicameral | Two houses in legislative body. |
| Unicameral | One house in legislative body. |
| Abigail Adams | Wife of John Adams, attempted to get rights for women to participate in Revolution. |
| Declaration of Independence | Formally approved by congress on July 4, 1776. Formal separation from British rule. Inspiration to revolutionary movement against arbitrary authority. |
| Great Compromise | Agreement between small & large states, defined legislative structure and representation. |
| Loyalist | Colonists loyal to the king; Tories |
| Commander of French troops | Rochambeau |
| Treaty of Ft. Stanwix | 1st treaty between American and Indians, forced Indians to cede most of their land. |
| Federalists | Supported Constitution, believed in strong federal government |
| Anti-Federalist | Feared constitution, believed it took away rights and wanted strong state government. |
| Battles in Chronological Order | Battle of Lexington & Concord-1775 Battle of Bunker Hill-1775 Battle of Trenton--1776 Battle of Brandywine--77 Battle of Germantown--77 Battle of Saratoga--77 Battle of Monmouth--78 Battle of Kings Mountain--81 |
| Constitution | Establish rights and liberties of American people. 3 branches of government with system of checks and balances. Distribution of power between Fed. Government and states. |
| Second Continental Congress | May 10, 1775; No well defined sentiment for independence, hope King and Parliament would consent to grievances. Raise $ to create Army and Navy. British and Americans on brink of warfare. |
| Shay's Rebellion | 1786, Rebellion of debtor farmers (rev. war veterans), lead by Daniel Shays against Boston Creditors, demanded paper money. |
| Patrick Henry | Give me liberty or give me death; development of Bill of Rights |
| Thomas Paine | common sense, radical idea that colonies should set up independent republic from England. |
| James Madison | Father of Constitution |
| Thomas Jefferson | House of Burgesses, Dec. of Ind., ambassador to France |
| John Jay | Negotiate Treaty of Paris w/ Great Britain--ending Revolution |
| Land Ordinance of 1785 | Old N.W land should be sold and proceeds used to pay off national debt. Dividing townships six miles square, then into 36 sections. |
| Patriots | young footloose American rebels, Whigs |
| Yorktown | Cornwallis; await seaborne supplies and reinforcement, surrendered entire force on Oct. 19, 1781 |
| Slavery Issues | No states s. of Penn. abolished slavery, harsh discrimination against freed, laws against interracial marriage. |
| NJ Plan | Equal representation regardless of size. Small state plan |
| VA Plan | Representation based on population. Large state plan. |
| Nathanael Greene | Cleared S. Carolina and GA of British troops. Retreating and chasing tactic. |
| The Federalist | Essays commenting on Constitution; Hamilton, John Jay, Madison. |
| Body that chose Washington commander of Continental Army. | Continental Congress |
| British colony that Americans invaded in 1775 w/ hopes of adding to the rebellious 13. | Canada |
| Pamphlet that demanded independence. | Common Sense |
| Henry Lee's official resolution passed by Congress on | July 2, 1776 |
| 1 of Washington's most brilliant military victories, surprised British and Hessians day after Xmas, 1776 | Battle of Trenton |
| Penn. Valley where Washington's army starved and froze in winter of 1777-78 | Valley Forge |
| River Valley that was focus of Britain's early military strategy, Burgoynes surrender. | Hudson Valley |
| Self-denying document drafted by Congress in 1776, guide American diplomacy to only commercial relations. | Model Treaty |
| Legalized pirates, more than a thousand strong, inflicted heavy damage on British shipping. | Privateers |
| Key American fort on the Hudson River, Benedict Arnold attempted to hand over to the British. | West Point |
| Idea that American women had special responsibility to cultivate civic virtue | Republican Motherhood |
| Assembly for drawing up fundamental law that was superior to ordinary law. | Constitutional Convention |
| 1st Constitutional gov. of US | Articles of Confederation |
| Failed revolt in 1786 by poor debtor farmers that raised fears of mobocracy. | Shays Rebellion |
| Compromise between N and S that resulted in slaves being counted at 60% of a free person. | 3/5 compromise |
Created by:
lbielinski
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