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Sociology C6
Groups and Formal Organizations
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Group | at least two people who have one or more goals in common and share ways of thinking and behaving. |
| Social category | people who share a social characteristic. |
| Social aggregate | people temporarily in the same place at the same time. |
| Primary group | people who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another's company. |
| Primary relationship | interaction that is intimate, personal, caring, and fulfilling. |
| Interaction | meaningful contact |
| Secondary group | people who share only part of their lives while focusing on a goal or task. |
| Secondary relationship | impersonal interaction involving limited parts of personalities. |
| Reference group | group used for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs, norms, and mores. |
| In-group | exclusive group demanding extreme loyalty. |
| Out-group | group targeted by an in-group for opposition, antagonism, or competition. |
| Initiation | a ceremony marking entry into a group. |
| Social network | a web of social relationships that join a person to other people and groups |
| Colleague | associate; fellow worker. |
| Cooperation | interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach a goal. |
| Conflict | interaction aimed at defeating an appointment. |
| Social exchange | a voluntary action performed with the expectation of getting a reward in return. |
| Coercion | interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to behave in particular way. |
| Conformity | behavior that matches group expectations. |
| Uniformity | consistency; without variation |
| Predictability | when something can be foretold or predicted. |
| Groupthink | self deceptive thinking that is based on conformity to group beliefs and created by group pressure to conform. |
| Corporation | a large legal business group with its own duties, powers, and liabilities. |
| Formal organization | a group deliberately created to achieve one or more long term goals. |
| Bureaucracy | a formal organization based on a rationality and efficiency. |
| Power | the ability to control the behavior of others. |
| Authority | the legitimate or socially approved use of power. |
| Submit | to yield or to surrender to the authority of another. |
| Rationalization | a mind-set that emphasizes knowledge, reasoning, and planning. |
| Informal organization | a group within a formal organization in which personal relationships are guided by norms, rituals, and sentiments that are not part of the formal organization. |
| Iron law of oligarchy | the theory that power increasingly becomes contraindicated in the hands of few member of any organization. |
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