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Sociology C6
Groups and Formal Organizations
Question | Answer |
---|---|
Group | at least two people who have one or more goals in common and share ways of thinking and behaving. |
Social category | people who share a social characteristic. |
Social aggregate | people temporarily in the same place at the same time. |
Primary group | people who are emotionally close, know one another well, and seek one another's company. |
Primary relationship | interaction that is intimate, personal, caring, and fulfilling. |
Interaction | meaningful contact |
Secondary group | people who share only part of their lives while focusing on a goal or task. |
Secondary relationship | impersonal interaction involving limited parts of personalities. |
Reference group | group used for self-evaluation and the formation of attitudes, values, beliefs, norms, and mores. |
In-group | exclusive group demanding extreme loyalty. |
Out-group | group targeted by an in-group for opposition, antagonism, or competition. |
Initiation | a ceremony marking entry into a group. |
Social network | a web of social relationships that join a person to other people and groups |
Colleague | associate; fellow worker. |
Cooperation | interaction in which individuals or groups combine their efforts to reach a goal. |
Conflict | interaction aimed at defeating an appointment. |
Social exchange | a voluntary action performed with the expectation of getting a reward in return. |
Coercion | interaction in which individuals or groups are forced to behave in particular way. |
Conformity | behavior that matches group expectations. |
Uniformity | consistency; without variation |
Predictability | when something can be foretold or predicted. |
Groupthink | self deceptive thinking that is based on conformity to group beliefs and created by group pressure to conform. |
Corporation | a large legal business group with its own duties, powers, and liabilities. |
Formal organization | a group deliberately created to achieve one or more long term goals. |
Bureaucracy | a formal organization based on a rationality and efficiency. |
Power | the ability to control the behavior of others. |
Authority | the legitimate or socially approved use of power. |
Submit | to yield or to surrender to the authority of another. |
Rationalization | a mind-set that emphasizes knowledge, reasoning, and planning. |
Informal organization | a group within a formal organization in which personal relationships are guided by norms, rituals, and sentiments that are not part of the formal organization. |
Iron law of oligarchy | the theory that power increasingly becomes contraindicated in the hands of few member of any organization. |