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APUSGov. U1S2
AP USGov. Unit1, Section 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 10th Amendment | The final part of the Bill of Rights that declares "the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people." |
| advice and consent | Power the Constitution (Article II, Section 2) grants the U.S. Senate to give its advice and consent to treaties and presidential appointment of federal judges, ambassadors, and cabinet members. |
| Alien and Sedition Acts | These acts authorized the president to deport "undesirable aliens" and made it a crime to criticize the government or its officials. |
| amendment process | The means spelled out in Article V by which formal changes in, or additions to, the Constitution are made. |
| anti-federalist | A person opposed to the adoption of the Constitution because of its centralist tendencies and who attacked the Constitution's framers for failing to include a Bill of Rights. |
| Articles of Confederation | The compact made among the 13 original states to form the basis of their government. Officially adopted in 1781. |
| bicameral legislature | A legislature made up of two parts. The U.S. Congress, composed of the House of Representatives and the Senate, is a bicameral legislature. |
| Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. They contain a listing of the freedoms that a person enjoys and that cannot be infringed on by the government, such as the freedoms of speech, press, and religion. |
| checks and balances | A major principle of the U.S. governmental system whereby each branch of government exercises a limiting power on the actions of the others and in which powers are distributed among the three branches in a manner designed to prevent tyranny. |
| confederation | A political system in which states or regional governments have ultimate authority except for those powers expressly delegated to a central government. Member governments voluntarily agree to limited restraints on their actions. |
| delegates to ratifying convention | Representatives from each of the 13 original states who attended their state conventions to ratify the Constitution. These delegates were chosen by special elections. Nine of the 13 states had to vote to ratify for the Constitution to become legal. |
| Democratic-Republican | The political party founded by Thomas Jefferson in 1792. It was dissolved in 1828. |
| elastic clause | The final paragraph (clause 18) of Article I, section 8 of the Constitution, which grants Congress the power to choose whatever means are necessary to execute its specifically delegated powers. Officially known as the "necessary and proper" clause. |
| electoral college | The group of electors selected by the voters in each state and Washington, D.C. This group officially elects the president and vice president of the United States. |
| enumerated powers | Powers specifically granted to the national government by the Constitution. The first 17 clauses of Article I, Section 8, specify most of Congress's enumerated powers. |
| executive agreement | A binding international agreement between chiefs of state. Unlike treaties, these do not require the consent of the Senate. |
| faction | A group in a legislature or party acting in pursuit of some special interest or position. |
| federalist | tA person who supported the adoption of the new Constitution and the creation of the federal union. As a group, federalists formed the first American political party, which was led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. |
| Federalist No. 10 | 0A Federalist Paper written by James Madison that discusses factions (or single interest groups) that seek to dominate the political process. |
| Great Compromise | The compromise reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 creating a bicameral government with states represented equally in the senate and by population in the House of Representatives. Also called the Connecticut Compromise. |
| NJ Plan | Equal representation for each state in the legislature |
| VA Plan | Legislature based on population |
| implied powers | Authority possessed by the national government by inference from those powers delegated to it in the Constitution. |
| indirect democracy | Democracy in which people do not directly govern or directly vote for their representatives. For example, citizens vote for the electoral college, which elects the president. |
| interstate commerce | The buying and selling of commodities, transportation, and other commercial dealings across state lines. It also includes radio, television, telephone, and telegraphic transmissions. |
| judicial review | Pwr of crts to jdge legis. or exec. acts unUC. All nat. and state crts have, but highest court makes last decis. Unment. in UC. Based on this: the UC is the supreme law, acts that violate the UC are void, and the j. branch protect and interpret the UC. |
| Judiciary Act of 1791 | This act ended the "circuit riding" by Supreme Court justices and established the courts of appeal. |
| Annapolis Convention | 1786 convention in Maryland that was the 1st step towards a 2nd founding; though only 5 delegates attended a resolution came out of it that called for later action |
| Madisonian Model | The philosophy proposed by Madison that espoused a system of checks and balances among differing interests. Madison's assumed that the primary dangers of a repubgov were factions and the possibility of tyranny if power became too concentrated. |
| Marbury vs. Madison (1803) | This case that struck down for the first time in US history an act of Congress as unconstitutional. It declared the Constitution to be the supreme law of the USA, and that it is "the duty of the justice department to say what the law is." |
| mischiefs of faction | Madison's ref., in No. 10, to cncrn of the dngrs posed by grps who might try to dom. the polit. process. Such dngrs cld tke plc if parties misused freedom and created conflict by pitting their interests against one another. A repub. sys could cntrl them. |
| necessary and proper clause | The final paragraph of Article I, section 8 of the Constitution, which delegates legislative powers to the Congress. Also known as the elastic clause. |
| nullification | Declaring something null or void. Before the Civil War, states' rights advocates in the South claimed a state had the right to nullify a national law. They argued that ultimate power rested with the state governments. |
| popular sovreignty | Originating in natural rights philosophy, claims political authority rests with the people and not gov. People may create, change, or revolt against their gov. In practice, people usually choose representatives to exercise their political authority. |
| Publius | The name used by the three authors-Hamilton, Madison, and Jay-of the Federalist Papers. |
| "rage for paper money" | Decision by some state governments to print currency that was not backed by gold. The money was essentially worthless, yet it allowed farmers and other debtors to pay off their debts. This action perceived as a threat by members of the propertied class. |
| ratification | The formal approval, as of a law or Constitutional amendment. |
| separation of powers | The principle that divides American government among three branches, the executive, legislative, and judicial. |
| Shay's rebellion | An armed revolt by farmers in Massachusetts in 1786-1787, seeking relief from debts and possible foreclosure of mortgages. It's credited with being a major factor in the demand for revision of the Articles of Confederation. |
| state | A politcomm w/ a specific territory, orgnzd gov, and int/ext. sovereignty. Sovereignty often hinges on the state's recognition by other states, which allows it to enter international agreements. Also used to refer to sub-units within a federal government. |
| super-majority | Defined voting blocks of greater than 51 percent needed to approve a proposal. For example, a two-thirds vote is required for proposing a constitutional amendment. |
| supremacy clause | The provision in the USC (Article VI) that makes the USC, fedgov and laws>state and local laws that contradict them. The supremacy clause d/n give the fedgov absolute power in all areas, only issues where the fedgov has constitutionally granted authority. |
| unicameral legislature | A legislature made up of only one legislative body, as distinct from the bicameral, or two house, legislature used by the U.S. Congress. Nebraska is the only unicameral state legislature, though many local governments use this form. |
| writ of habeas corpus | Requires jlr to brng a prsn to a crt or jdge and expln chrgs. If sffcnt cse for imprsonmnt nt prdcd, mst rlse pris. Prim. grnte of lib b/c it prtcts cits agnst arb imprsnmnt. HC grnted in the USC, thgh Cong. cn spend it in cases of rebellion or invasion. |
| writ of mandamus | An order issued by a court to compel performance of an act |
| Senate/House differing responsibilities | Senate alone may ratify treaties and approve pres. appointments, HoR only may originate revenue bills. Approval needed in both houses. |
| Presidency in USC | Article II |
| Enumerates Presidential Powers | Accept foreign ambassadors, negotiate treaties (acceptance requires Senate), reprieves and pardons, appoint major department personnel, convene special sessions of Congress, ant veto congressional enactments. |
| Judicial Branch in USC | Article III . . . but judicial review comes from Mv.M |
| Congressional judicial powers | create lower courts, change jurisdiction of courts, add/subtract federal judges, change size of supreme court |
| Amendments limiting Congress | I (freedom of speech) |
| Amendments limiting executive | II (can't stop ppl frm bearing arms) III (can't quater militias), IV (court warrant for seizure) |
| Amendments limiting courts | V-VIII |
| Limit on federal gov | IX-X |
| Amendments expanding electorate | XIV, XV, XIX, XXIII, XXIV, XXVI |
| Amendments changing relationships bw/tn officials and electorate | XII, XIV, XVII, XX, XXII, XXV |
| Expand Gov. power | XVI |
| Limited Gov. power | XI, XIII, XIV, XVI, XXVII |
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