Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Intro + Carbohy.
Biochemistry, Medicine, Phase 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Monomers (1) | a type of molecule that bonds to other molecules to form polymers; the most basic biomolecule |
| Monomers (2) | sugars, nucleotides, fatty acids, amino acids |
| Polymers (1) | made up of smaller subunits of molecules |
| Polymers (2) | glycogen, RNA and DNA, tricylgycerols, phospholipids, proteins |
| Sugar monomers | glucose, fructose |
| Sugar polymer | glycogen, sucrose |
| Stearic acid | example of a fatty acid |
| Fatty acids and fatty acid polymers | function in long-term fat storage; structural component of membranes |
| Sugars | function in short-term fuel for muscle, brain, kidney, etc. |
| RNA and DNA | genetic information |
| Other biomolecules | cholesterol/ steroid hormones, vitamins, co-factors, xenobiotics |
| Carbohydrates (Sugars) | monosaccharides; water soluble (hydrophilic and polar), function as an energy source (glucose) or a energy storage module (glycogen); structurally part of cell walls in bacteria |
| Protein function of sugars | cell surface proteins are often glycosylated (e.g. ABO blood groups and IgG |
| (CH2O)n | general formula for carbohydrates; usually 3, 4, 5 or 6 |
| Triose C3 (sugars) | glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone |
| Pentose C5 (sugars) | ribose |
| Hexoses C6 (sugars) | glucose, fructose |
| Aldose and ketose | Isomers (same chemical formula) |
| Aldoses | sugar, isomer molecule, contains the aldehyde group (−CH=O), glucose is an example; |
| Ketoses | contains the keto group, example is fructose |
| −CH=O | Aldehyde group |
| Cn(H2O)n | Aldose chemical formula |
| Aldoses | they have at least one asymmetric carbon center, aldoses with three or more carbon atoms exhibit stereoisomerism |
| Stereoisomers | isomeric molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space; make only minor changes in the chemical properties of the sugar |
| d- form or l- form | aldoses containing stereogenic centers can exist in either; d-sugar is more common in biological organisms; humans use d-sugar |
| C6H1206 | glucose chemical formula |
| galactose, mannose | isomers for glucose; differ only in their spatial arrangements around one or two carbon atoms |
| Isomer differences | recognised by enzymes and other proteins are therefore can have important biological effects |
| Optical isomers | mirror-image pairs of molecules |
| Glycosidic bonds | link together monosaccharides; glycosyltransferase links the two monosaccharides together and results in the production of water |
| Disaccharides | two linked monosaccharides; e.g. sucrose = fructose + glucose |
| Condensation reaction | in which a molecule of water is expelled as the bond is formed; when an -OH group on one sugar and an -OH ground on another form a bond; also used by nucleic bonds; reverse process of hydrolysis |
| Carbonyl group | located in the middle of a ketose on the end of an aldose |
| Carbon 1 | carbon at the end closest to the carbonyl group |
| Linear form | make up less than 1% of hexoses |
| Anomeric carbon | carbon attached to the original carbonyl group in cyclic form |
| Ring formation | in aqueous solution, the aldehyde or ketone group of a sugar molecule tends to react with a hydroxyl group of the same molecule, thereby closing the molecule into a ring |
| alpha and beta forms | the hydroxyl group on the carbon that carries the aldehyde or ketone group can rapidly change from one position to another; these are the two positions; become frozen when a sugar bonds |
| alpha form | hydroxyl group is facing up |
| beta form | hydroxyl group is facing down |
| Monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Disaccharide | sucrose (glucose + fructose), maltose (glucose + glucose), lactose (galactose + glucose) |
| Polysaccharides | glycogen (branched glucose polymer), amylose (linear glucose polymer) |
| Glycosidic bond formation of maltose | alpha-D-glucose + alpha-D-glucose; water is produced; the first glucose bonds at carbon 1 and the other at carbon 4 |
| Reducing sugar | if an anomeric carbon is not attached to another molecule; the aldehyde or ketose group is free; all monosaccharides |
| Glycogen | glucose polysaccharide, linear glucose polymer (alpha 1>4) with alpha (1>6) branchs |
| Step 1 of digestion of glycogen in diet | digestion of alpha-amylase random hydrolysis of internal alpha (1>4) linkages |
| Step 2 of digestion of glycogen in diet | pancreatic alpha-amylase mixture of mono and disaccharides continues hydrolysis of internal alpha (1>4) linkages |
| Step 3 of digestion of glycogen in diet | maltase produces glucose which can absorbed by the intestinal mucosal cells |
| Mobilisation of glycogen in the liver | glycogen phosphorylase hydrolyses terminal alpha (1>4) to produce glucose-1-phosphate |
| Lactose intolerance | normally lactase: lactose > galactose and glucose; undigested lactose can be digested by bacteria in the large intestine producing excess carbon dioxide and other metabolites which result in bloating and diarrhoea |
Created by:
emmaallde
Popular Biochemistry sets