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WGU IOC4 Module 5
Shaping a Nation
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Federalists | Supported the constitution and wanted (advocated) its ratification (to sign and make official). |
| Anti-Federalists | Were opposed to the constitution. They believed it had no specific provision for the protection of natural and civil rights. (Generally poorer and less educated.) Suspicious of political power. |
| Jeffersonian Democracy | The set of political goals named after Thomas Jefferson. Dominated politics in 1800's to 1820s. Stark contrast to Jacksonian Democracy. |
| Election of 1828 | Nominations were no longer made by Congressional caucuses, but by conventions and the state legislatures. First mud-slinging contest. Jackson Won. |
| Louisiana Purchase | May 1803. US purchased Louisiana Territory from France for 15 million dollars doubling the size of the United States and securing control of the Mississippi River. |
| Canal Trade | Contributed enormously to creating vital economic ties btwn the agricultural West and the industrializing Northeast. |
| The Monroe Doctrine | 1823. Made by James Monroe though primarily written by Adams it declared the Western Hempisphere off limits to new European colonization; in return, America would stay out of European affairs. |
| Jacksonian Democracy | Political culture of white males in the 1820's and 30's. Celebrated the "self-made man". Jackson exemplified this. |
| Andrew Jackson | Indian Removal Act. Trail of Tears. Jacksonian Democracy. One of the most forceful and domineering presidents. "Old Hickory" Created the Kitchen Cabinet to help him make his decisions. They were unofficial and confidential. |
| Indian Removal Act | Forced all Indians on the east of the Mississippi to move west to current day Oklahoma. Under Jacksonian Democracy. |
| Trail of Tears | Winter 1838-39. Cherokee forced to evacuate Georgia and travel under military guard to present day Oklahoma. Exposure and disease killed 1/4 of the 16000 migrants en-route. |
| Tariff of Abominations | 1828. Protective tariff or tax on imports motivated by special interest groups. Angered southern free traders because of substantial increase in duties. Early example of logrolling. |
| Logrolling | Special interest groups achieving their goals in democratic politics through the process of legislative bargaining. |
| Cotton Gin | 1793. Invented by Eli Whitney. Separated seeds from the fiber in short-staple cotton reducing production costs by enabling slaves to clean 50 times more cotton. Made cotton the south's major crop. |
| Steam Engine | 1802. Oliver Evans. Led to manufacture of high-pressure engines used throughout Eastern US |
| Telegraph | 1844. Samuel F. B. Morse. Made long distance communication almost instantaneous. |
| The Reaper | Mechanized harvesting ; early model could cut six acres of grain a day. |
| Horace Mann | Most influential spokesperson for the common school movement. Lawyer and member of State Legislation. Discouraged corporal punishment except as a last resort. |
| Dorothea Dix | 1802-1887. Her efforts on behalf of the mentally ill led to the building of more than 30 institutions in the United States and the reform and re-staffing of existing hospitals. |
| William Loyd Garrison | White abolitionist opposed to the American Colonization Society (attempt to free blacks while forcing emigration to current day Nigeria). Wrote The Liberator in Boston. |
| Frederick Douglass | Escaped slave and public orator. One of the most effective voices in the crusade against slavery. |
| Harriet Tubman | Ex-slave who helped with the underground railroad. |
| Underground Railroad | Ex-slaves (Harriet Tubman and Josiah Henson for example) would make raids into slave states and free slaves taking them along to "stations" run by free slaves. |
| Seneca Falls Declaration | 1848. Condemned the treatment of women by men and demanded the right to vote and to control their own property, person and children. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Co-sponsored the Seneca Falls Convention (1848). |
| Catherine Beecher | Devoted most of her life to the cause of educating women. |
| Stephen Austin | 1833. Went to Mexico City presenting Texan's grievances and seeking concessions from the central gov't. SUCCEEDED having immigration against American immigration lifted;FAILED winning agreement for self-gov't. Forced San Antonio's surrender in MA War |
| Sam Houston | American General in the MA War. Won the Battle at Santa Anna April 21, 1836. Hero of San Jacinto and first president of Texas Republic. |
| The Alamo | 1835. When Texans revolted against Mexico they held this fort in San Antonio. While the Americans lost at the Alamo they won the war. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | 1848. Ended the Mexican-American War. Ceded NM, CA, and TX from Mexico to America with the Rio Grande as the border btwn Mexico and US in Texas. US paid 15 Million. |
| Mexican-American War | 1846-1848. Conflict btwn US and Mexico after the US annexation of Texas. Mexico still considered Texas its own. When the US won they acquired vast new territories from Mexico. |
| President Polk | 1845-1849. First "dark horse" president. President during the Mexican-American War. Controversial. Almost got US involved in 2 wars at the same time with Mexico (over New Mexico and CA) and the British (Oregon). |
| Zachary Taylor | General that led the troops in the Mexican-American war with many victories. Considered a hero and possible presidential material. |
| Gadsden Purchase | 1853. US acquired southernmost parts of present day Arizona and New Mexico. |
| Alaska | 1867. Purchased from Russia. |
| Hawaii | Annexed to America in 1898. 50th State. |
| Queen Liliuokalani | Last reigning monarch of the Hawaiian Islands. Forced to give up her throne in 1898 when Hawaii was annexed to the US. |
| Northwest Territory | Mostly inhabited by Indians and owned by Spain. All land W of PA and NW of Ohio River. |
| Little Big Horn | June 25, 1876. "Custer's Last Stand". Custer surrounded what he thought was a small Indian tribe which in fact was 2500 Sioux Warriers. Americans wanted revenge after this battle. |
| Wounded Knee | Dec. 1890. To stop the Ghost Dance US troops killed about 200 men, women and children of the Sioux tribe including Sitting Bull. |
| Sand Creek | Nov. 29, 1864. Colorado militia attacked sleeping Indians, clubbing, stabbing and scalping them. Though an outrage it forced the indians to give up their reservation for land elsewhere. |
| Homestead Act | May 20, 1862. Accelerated the settlement of the western territory by granting adult heads of families 160 acres of surveyed public land for a minimal filing fee and 5 years of continuous residence on that land. |
| Oklahoma Land Rush | 1889. American settlers rushed for land that was previously Indian appointed land. The Homestead Act applied for the land. |
| Oregon Trail | 1843. began around 1843 when more than 50,000 pioneers went west in a 25 year span. The path they took went from Independence, Missouri, to Oregon City, Oregon. Many died from disease, weather, the trail and common mistakes. |
| Transcontinental Railroad | May 10th, 1869. Two railroads (Union Pac & Central Pac) met at Promontory Point, Utah, where their tracks were joined. The Railroad served the North in its Civil War efforts, paved the way for Western expansion, and built the fortunes of influential men. |
| Factory Life: Jacob Riis | Illustrated in words and pictures how the "other-half" of NYC people lived. |
| Factory Life: Upton Sinclair | This book and other muckraking articles led President Roosevelt to sign 2 laws regulating the food and drug industries. Meat Inspection Act of 1906 and the Pure Food and Drug Act. |
| J.P. Morgan | Head of NY investment house of JP Morgan and Co. Dominated American Railroading. |
| Jay Gould | Crushed the Knights of Labor strike on the Texas and Pacific Railroad causing them to crumble. |
| John D Rockefeller | Oil Tycoon and Philanthropist. |
| William Randolph Hearst | Led the New York Journal newspaper |
| Yellow Journalism | Blatant sensationalizing of the news to help sell newspapers to the public before and during the Spanish-American War. |
| Monopolies | When an individual or an enterprise has sufficient control with few competitors of their market giving them control over many things including cost. |
| Unionization | A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions. |
| Knights of Labor | 1869. Est. in Philadelphia. Leader was Uriah S Stephens. Originally secretive. They sought to include within their ranks everyone but doctors, bankers, lawyers, liquor producers and gamblers. |
| Samuel Gompers | Created the American Federation of Labor (AFL), the largest union organization. |
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