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7th Chap 2 Ques
Chapter 2 Earth's Physical Geography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the hot, dense layer of rock surrounding the Earth's core called? | mantle |
| What percent of the planet's water is salt water? | 97% |
| What is the usual, predictable patterns of weather in an area over many years called? | climate |
| The careful use of resources to avoid wasting them is called | conservation |
| Chemicals in air pollution can combine with precipitation to form what? | acid rain |
| What are areas that have similar patterns of temperature and precipitation also known as? | climate zones |
| The theory that explains how continents were formed and why they move is called | plate tectonics |
| What is the name given to the plateau that lies off the coast of each continent and stretches for several miles underwater? | continental shelf |
| What factors affect the weather? | sun, wind, water, and landforms |
| In what ways do humans affect the environment? | Humans can change the environment, when they pollute the air, water, and ground, or cut down trees. |
| What are the three layers that make up the Earth? | core, mantle, crust |
| The three forces that shape the Earth are | plate tectonics, weathering, and erosion |
| Forces within, wind, water, and ice are all | physical processes that shape the Earth's surface |
| The forces of plate tectonics, weathering, and erosion have what direct effects? | earthquakes and volcanoes, rocks split or are eaten away, and rock and soil is moved or worn away |
| The area at the center of the Earth, which includes a solid inner part and a hot liquid outer part is the | core |
| The inner core is composed of | hot iron mixed with other metals (nickel) and rocks |
| The outer core is so hot it | is liquid metal and can reach temperatures of 8,500 degree Farenheit |
| The mantle is | Earth's thickest layer found between the core and the crust. |
| What is magma? | Rock found in the outer mantle that can be moved, shaped, and melted. |
| Which layer of the Earth is its thickest layer? | The mantle |
| What is lava? | Hot melted rock, also called magma, inside the Earth that flows to the surface when a volcano erupts. |
| The crust is the uppermost layer of the Eartha and includes | the ocean floors and the seven continents. |
| Forces both inside and outside the Earth work to | change the appearance of Earth's surface. |
| The Earth's crust | changes over time as new landforms are created and existing ones change forms. |
| What is plate tectonics? | a scientific theory that explains how processes within the Earth form continents and cause their movement. |
| Which best describes continental drift? | As plates on the Earth's crust move, the continents on top of them move. |
| The name of the gigantic landmass that existed about 200 million years ago is | Pangaea |
| When continental plates meet | plates collide and push against each other with great force causing land along the line where plates meet to rise and form mountains. |
| When continental and oceanic plate meet | the thinner ocean plates slide underneath the thicker continental plates causing magma to build up, erupt and slowly harden, forming volcanic mountains. |
| Which best describes earthquakes? | sudden and violent movements of the Earth’s crust that shakes the land, and can cause great damage. |
| Faults or cracks in the Earth's crust occur when | two plates move alongside each other |
| Which best defines weathering? | a process in which rock is broken into smaller pieces by water and ice, chemicals, or even plants |
| Chemicals cause weathering too when | acids in air pollution mix with rain & fall back to Earth, eating away at rock and stone surfaces. |
| The process by which weathered bits of rock are moved elsewhere by water, wind, and ice is known as | erosion |
| Earth has a variety of landforms and | many of the landforms can be found both on the continents and the ocean floors. |
| On land, landforms include | mountains, hills, valleys, flatlands, and plateaus. |
| Under the oceans, landforms include | continental shelves and trenches. |
| People chose a place to live based on | climate and the availability of resources. |
| What percentage of the earth is covered in water? | 70% |
| Roughy 3% of the planet's water is freshwater and includes | ice in polar regions and mountains, groundwater, aquifers, lakes and rivers. |
| The four parts of the water cycle are | evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection. |
| Which best describes weather? | refers to the changes in temperature, wind direction and speed, and air moisture that take place over a short period of time |
| Which best describes climate? | a pattern of weather that takes place in an area over many years |
| What helps to distribute the sun’s heat more evenly around the Earth? | the movement of air and water over Earth. |
| Air in the Tropics moves | north and south toward the Poles of the Earth |
| Air in the Poles moves | toward the Equator. |
| What are prevailing winds? | Wind patterns that are similar over time. |
| Major storms develop when | moist, warm air rises and meets dry, cold air |
| Hurricanes and typhoons arise in | the warm waters of the tropics and can reach great size and power. |
| Hurricanes occur | in the western Atlantic and the eastern Pacific Oceans. |
| Typhoons occur | in the western Pacific Ocean. |
| The steadily flowing stream of water in the ocean are called | currents. |
| What change causes El Nino and La Nina? | Every few years, changes in normal wind and water patterns in Pacific Ocean cause unusual weather in some places. |
| What occurs during El Nino? | heavy rain falls on western South America, causing floods; little rain falls in Australia and southern Asia and Africa; North America may see severe storms |
| What occurs during La Nina? | cool waters and low rainfall in the eastern Pacific; heavier rains and greater chance of typhoons in the western Pacific; the opposite of El Niño. |
| Landforms, especially mountains, can affect | winds, temperature, and rainfall. |
| What three things influence climate? | The shape of the land, the distance between landforms, and nearness to water. |
| Which best describes local winds? | wind patterns typical of a small area. |
| Which best describes rain shadow effect? | warm, moist ocean air moves up mountain slopes, cools and releases moisture;the windward side receives large amounts of rainfall whereas the leeward side stays dry and cool (often forming deserts). |
| What four things combine to create different climate zones? | The effects of wind, water, latitude, and landforms . |
| What are climate zones? | Areas that have similar patterns of temperature and rainfall, and may have similar vegetation. |
| Areas with particular kinds of plants and animals adapted to conditions there are also known as | biomes |
| The five major climate zones are | tropical, dry, midlatitude, high latitude, and highland. |
| Which best describes urban climates? | Weather patterns in cities, including higher temperatures and distinct wind patterns, as compared to nearby rural areas. |
| Example of human activity having negative impacts (causing pollution) on the environment include | people burning oil, coal, or gas to make electricity, to power factories, or to move cars. |
| Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) comes from | burning of coal and oil and destroy the ozone layer. |
| The buildup of certain gases in Earth’s atmosphere that, like a greenhouse, retain the sun’s warmth is known as | The Greenhouse Effect |
| Proponents of the Greenhouse Effect argue that | pollution is raising the temperature of earth causing climate changes to melt ice caps and thus, sea levels will rise and flood coastal areas. |
| Nonpolluting forms of energy include | wind and solar power. |
| Another name for the Earth's crust is | the Lithosphere. |
| Some human activities that have a negative effect on the environment include | farming, logging, and mining. |
| Contour plowing is | a technique in which farmers plow along the curves of the land rather than in straight lines. |
| Crop rotation is | changing what crop farmers plant in a field from year to year. |
| Deforestation is | cutting down forests without replanting them. |
| Why is deforestation bad for the Earth's environment? | because when tree roots are gone, there is nothing to hold the soil; forests support the water cycle and replaces oxygen; and the forest is also home to many plants and animals, |
| The Hydrosphere refers to | the Earth's surface and groundwater. |
| Why is conserving water important to human beings? | because water is vital to human life and the amount of fresh water on Earth is limited. |
| Conservation means | the careful use of resources to avoid wasting them. |
| The process in which water is collected and distributed to crops is | irrigation |
| Pesticides are | powerful chemicals that farmers use to kill crop destroying insects. |
| An ecosystem is | a place shared by plants and animals that depend on one another for survival. |
| The variety of plants and animals living on the planet is known as | biodiversity. |
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