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Neoplasm Path 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neoplasm that does not metastasize? | Benign |
| Neoplasm that exhibits a slow expansive local growth | Benign |
| Neoplasm that exhibits a more rapid growth | Malignant |
| Tumor that shows locally invasive destructive growth | Malignant |
| Which neoplasm may mets through the lyphatics or blood stream | Malignant |
| Tumor growth at a separate site from the site of origin | Metastasis |
| How can tumor cells be carried to other tissues | lympatics or blood |
| What is Angiogenesis? | Enchrochment on bloodstream & using its supply for growth |
| T or F Most tumors have the ability to undergo Angiogenesis | TRUE |
| Gerneral term for a malignant tumor of any type | cancer |
| Benign or malignant: carcinoma | Malignant (tumor of epithelial origin) |
| Prefix adeno indicates | Glandular epithelial origin |
| Benign or malignant: adenoma | Benign |
| Benign or malignant: adenocarcinoma | malignant |
| Benign or malignant: Rhabdomyoma | Benign (rhabdo-> striated muscle) |
| Benign or malignant: Fibroma | bening (fibrous CT) |
| Benign or malignant: Liposarcoma | Malignant (fat cells) |
| Benign or malignant: Meningioma vs Invasive meningioma | Bening, Malignant |
| Benign or malignant: osteoma | benign (bone) |
| Malignant tumor of Hematopoietic cells | Leukemias |
| Malignant tumor of lymph vessels | Lymphangiosarcoma |
| Benign and malignant tumor blood vessels | Hemangioma, angiosarcoma |
| Broder's grade of malignant tumors is a scale of | Grade 1-4 |
| Does a Grade 1 malignant tumor resemble the cell of origin? | Yes |
| What does a Grade 4 malignant tumor resemble | Very little or no resemblance to the cell of origin (ANAPLASTIC) |
| T or F the higher the grade, more aggressive the tumor | TRUE |
| Define neoplastic change | histologic change showing cellular dysplasia |
| Can cells be mildy displastic and still be benign? | yes, ex--> benign adenomatous colonic polyp |
| When cellular dysplasia becomes more severe it transitions into | Malignancy |
| CIN cervical intraepithelial neoplasia classified as CIN I vs CIN III | CIN I mild dysplasia, CIN III squamous cell carinoma (malignant change but no cellylar invasion to adj tissues) |
| What are the primary skin malignant tumors (3) | Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, Malignant melanoma |
| What are the 5 suggestive signs of possible malignant change in melanocytic nevus | ABCDE--> Asym difference in color, Borders are irregular, Color is darkened, Diameter >6mm, Enlargement or Elevation |
| How is the stage of widespread of a tumor in the body described | Stage 0-IV |
| Stage 0 means | an in situ tumorthe has not invaded |
| Stage IV means | Wide spread tumor that has mets by blood&Lymphatics |
| TNM system of staging mal tumors, what does each letter stand for | T- describes Size of primary tumor, N indicates presence or absence of lymph node spread and extent, M presence of hematogenous mets and extent |
| What are the 5 most common metastases sites | Adernal, Brain, Liver, Lung, Bone |
| Control of cell growth involves what 5 types of proteins | Growth Factors, GF receptors, Intracellular Signal Transfucers, Transcription Factors, Cell Cycle control Protein |
| Purpose of the Intracellular Signal Transducers | Take the message into the cell nucleus |
| Purpose of the Transcription factors | Proteins that attach to DNA and initiate transcription |
| what is Protooncogene | normal gene that encodes one of the 5 protein that control cell cycle (control neoplastic growth) |
| What are Oncogenes | altered (mutated) proto-ongcogene, protein product is involved in neoplastic transformation, uncontrolled cell growth resulting in a tumor |
| What ratio of Proto-oncogenes to oncogenes are required for neoplastic transformation | slide 13******* |
| How do Oncogenes differ from Proto-oncogenes? | Mutated, Over expressed or too much of expressed protein is produced, expressed at inapproproate time and or place in the cell |
| What gene encodes a protein that prevents cell from going from G1 to the S phase | RB gene |
| What tumor suppresor gene is often mutated in human cancers | TP53 |
| What gene prevents cells from cucling mitosing when they shouldn’t | TP53 |
| 5 DNA viruses that contain members which my be oncogenic | HPV, Polyoma virus, Adenovirus, Herpes virus, Hepatitis B&C |
| EBV epstein-barr virus is an example of | herpes virus |
| Oncogenic meaning | Tumor producing |
| How do oncogenic DNA viruses result in neoplastic transformation of the cells | the oncogenic transforming genes from the viruses are inserted into the DNA of the virus infect cell, when they are expressed resulting proteins cause neoplastic transformation |
| Which phase of the cell cycle are proteins needed for mitosis produced? | (G2) Gap 2 phase |
| Proteins that cause regulation of cell cycle (4) | cyclins, CDKs, CDK inhibitors, p53 gene |
| what is oncogenesis | genetic mechansim whereby normal cells are transformed into cancer cells |
| Result of carcinogenic agent on normal cell | DNA damage |
| what occurs if there is failure of DNA repair (3) | Activation of growth promoting oncogenes, inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, alteration in genes that control Apoptosis |
| unregulated cell differentiation and growth will lead to | malignant neoplasm |
| What genes are affected in oncogenesis (4) | Replication, DNA repair, Cell growth, Cell death |
| Causes of Oncogenesis | multifactorial: chemicals, radiation, viruses… thalidomide, radon, asbestos |
| Normal growth promoting regulator gene | Proto-oncogenes |
| Gene normally only turned on when growth is needed | Proto-oncogenes |
| mutation in proto-oncogenes --> | oncogene--> abnormal uncontrolled cell growth (neoplasia) |
| Anti- oncogenes | growth inhibiting regulator gene (normally always turned on) |
| What is an example of an Anti-oncogene | p53 |
| What steps occur and what is involved in tumor cell transformation | Normal cell, carcinogenic agent--> DNA damage, activation of oncogenes--> Malignant tumor |
| Examples of chemical carinogenes | procarinogenes: Aflatoxin B1 (rotten peanutes), alcohol, asbestos, smoked foods, azo dyes, nitrosamine |
| Cachexia clinical manifestation | Unexplained weight loss, extreme waisting |
| Define paraneoplastic syndromes | cancers that are causing release of Hormones |
| SIADH is ass. w/ | small cell lung cancer |
| Cushings syndrome is ass. w/ | small cell lung cancer |
| Hypercalcemia is ass. w/ | lung, head, neck, ovarian cancers |
| Venous thromnosis is ass. w/ | pancreatic and lung cancers |
| Myasthenia gravis is ass. w/ | autoimmune production of antibodies against the moto end plate |
| Eaton-Lambert syndrome is ass. w/ | antibodies against the voltage gated calcium channels in the presynaptic terminal (extreme muscular weakness) |
| Diagnostic Methods (7) | X-ray, Ultrasound, MRI, CT scan, PET scan, Endoscopy, Pap test |
| Tumor markers in blood and urine | PSA, AFP, CEA, Calcitonin, CA-125, CA-19-9 |
| PSA marker is ass. w/ | prostate cancer |
| AFP (alpha fetal protein is ass. w/ | Liver cancer |
| CEA marker is ass. w/ | Colorectal and stomach |
| Calcitonin marker is ass. w/ | thyroid cancer |
| CA-125 is ass. w/ | ovarian cancer |
| CA-19-9 is ass. w/ | Pancreas, colon cancer |
| What type of cancer treatments are availible | Chemotherapy, Hormone therapy, biotherapy, targeted therapy, surgery, radiation |
| what type of therapy can reach primary and secondary sites but are toxic to fast dividing cells | chemotherapy |
| Injection of or stimulation of I.S. cells in immunotherapy is which type of treatment | biotherapy |
| what type of cancer treatmet can be helpful in palliative care | radiation |
Created by:
kfrancis
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