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Pathology 1 Exam 1
Cell Injury
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of body cells are normally replaced at different intervals | Labile cells |
| What type of body cells do not normally regenerate (may in certain situations) | Stable cells |
| What type of body cellsw do not regenerate during a lifetime | Permanent cells |
| Give 3 examples of Labile cells | enterocytes, gastric & squamous epithelium |
| Give an example of a Stable cells | Liver cells after hepatitis or partial liver donation |
| Give an example of a permanent cell | Cardiac muscle cell |
| Inability of a Normal cell to adapt to stress results in | Cell injury |
| Severe and or progressive cell injury will lead to | Irreversibe cell injury |
| What are the 2 processes of Cell Death | Necrosis, Apoptosis |
| Programmed cell death | Apoptosis |
| Cell death process that induces Inflammation (DNA fragmentation) | Necrosis |
| Cell death process that has fragmentation | |
| 1st line of defense cells | neutrophils |
| Cell swelling is seen in which cell death process | Necrosis |
| Fragments of apoptosis is called | apoptosis body |
| Critical cells that undergo apoptosis | Brain cells (neurons/synapses) |
| Important anti-apoptotic protein | Bcl-2 |
| Important pro-apoptotic protein | Bax |
| Which protein is upregulated to cause increase in cell death? | pro-apoptotic |
| Which protein is seen in tumors/ cancers | Bcl-2 (anti-apoptosis) |
| What are the first 2 stages of cell injury | 1. Biochemical alteration, 2. Ultrastructural alteration seen with EM |
| What are the 3rd&4th stages of cellular injury | 3. Injury seen with light microscope, 4.Grossly visible injury |
| Cell injury that can bee seen with light microscope is in with stage of cell injury | 3 |
| what tests are required for detecting the 1st stage of cellular injury | Blood test |
| Reversible or Irreversible cell injury: Hydropic swelling? | Reversible (water) |
| Reversible or Irreversible cell injury: Fatty metamorphosis? | Reversible (fat in tissue) |
| Reversible or Irreversible cell injury: Necrosis | Irreversible |
| What are the 6 types of necrosis | Avascular, Caseous, Coagulative, fat, fibrinoid, liquefactive |
| Is Fatty liver due to alchohol consumption reversible? | yes if discontinue use--> fat metamorphosis, but If persistent may become irreversible |
| What are cellular reations due to persistent stress when cells start to change | Metaplasia and dysplasia |
| Yellow-Brown granular pigment seen in myocardium due to cell injury | Lipofuscin pigment |
| what are the 7 cellular reations due to persistent stress | Atrophy, involution, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia, Lypofuscin pigment |
| Cell becoming a squamous cell from a columnar cell | metaplasia |
| Decrease in cell size | atrophy |
| decrease in cell number | involution |
| increase in cell size | hypertrophy |
| increase in cell number | hyperplasia |
| the change of one normal cell type to another normal cell type is | metaplasia |
| microscopic cell abnormality indicating premalignant change | Dysplasia |
| consistant metaplasia may lead to | dysplastic cells |
| Bronchial ciliated columnar epi to squamous epithelium is | metaplasia |
| transitional bladder epi to squamous epi | metaplasia |
| Fibrous tissue to bone is | metaplasia |
| may occur in uterine cervical squamous epi, columnar epi in adenomatous colon polyps | Dysplasia |
| Prigment composed of degraded lipid and protein from brokendown organelles | Lipofuscin pigment ("wear and tear pigment") |
| What is the danger of carcinoma crossing the basement membrane? | reach blood vessels and metastasize |
| T or F, Lack of high fiber (&constipation) in diet can lead to dysplasia | TRUE |
| Lipofuscin tends to occur in which cells (3) | heart, liver, brain |
| Shrunken, programmed, fragmentation | apoptosis |
| cell swelling, dark tissue, inflammatory | necrosis |
| most common type of necrosis | coagulative |
| Abscess and liquid in brain is seen in which form of necrosis | liquefactive |
| granuloma is seen in which type of necrosis | caseous |
| which type of necrosis is seen in small arteries and arterioles | fibrinoid necrosis |
| Gangrene is an example of ischemia leading to________ | necrosis |
| Specialized granuloma associated with tertiary syphilis | gummatous necrosis |
| Ischemia is defined as | reduced blood flow |
| infarction is tissue necrosis due to | severe ischemia |
| Nuclear change during cell death of shrinkage w/ hperchromatism is called | Pyknosis |
| Nuclear change during cell death of fragmentation is called | karyorrhexis |
| Nuclear change during cell death where the Nucleus is No longer visible is called | karyolysis |
| T or F: Karyolysis is associated with fragmentation? | False, karyolysis is ass. w/ DISSOLUTION… Karyorrhexis-->fragmentation |
| What are the 3 cell nuclear changes occuring in necrosis (in order) | 1. Pyknosis(shrink), 2.Karyorrhexis(fragment), 3.Karyolysis(dissolution) |
| Nucleus that is split into 2 in necrotic cell is | karyorrhexis (fragmentation) |
| Absent nucleus in necrotic cell is | karyolysis |
| DNA is in what form in the nucleus | chromatin |
| Type of necrosis that occurs where there are many cells rich in lysosomes, macrophages, neutrophis | Liquefactive necrosis |
| Released from lysosomes into surrounding tissue causing liquefaction of tissue | Digestive enzymes |
| liquefactive necrosis mainly occurs in the ______ | brain |
| fat necrosis is due to the action of _______ on adipocytes breaking down the ______ in the fat cell | lipase, triglyceride |
| common example of fat necrosis | acute pancreatitis--> peripancreatic fat |
| Which diease is associated with caseous necrosis (granuloma) | Tuberculosis |
| Gangrene is associated with which common condition | Diabetes |
| List the 4 layers in a granuloma from medial to lateral (inside to out) | Center (caseous necrosis), Macrophages/giant cells, Lyphocytes, fibroblasts |
| What cell is the result from fusion of macrophages? | Langhans Giant Cells |
| Macrophages with an increased amount of cytoplasm are which type of Cell? | Epithelioid cells |
| Also known as Osteonecrosis or aseptic necrosis? | Avascular necrosis |
| What type of necrosis' histologic sign is absence of osteocytes in bone LACUNAE | AVN |
| T or F, Ischemia can cause an influx of calcium, H2O and Na2+ into the cell | TRUE |
| T or F, ischemia can cause an influx of K+ into the cell | False, Efflux |
| How does ischemia affect the Inner mitochondrial membrane? | Loss of aerobic respiration and ATP generation |
| What are the three critical cell lipid bilayer membranes can result in necrosis | Cell (plasma), Inner mitochondrial, Lysosomal |
| How is the lysosomal membrane affected with necrosis | leakage of digestive enzymes into the cytosol |
| Term for increase swelling by water? | Hydropic |
Created by:
kfrancis
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