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8th Grade History
Chapter 1 - A Beka Book
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| October 12, 1492 | When Columbus found America |
| Christopher Columbus | First (European) to find America |
| San Salvador | "Holy Savior" this is what Columbus named the first island he found |
| Leif Ericson | A.D 1000; he found America |
| A.D. 500-1500 | The Middle Ages |
| Crusades | Used to drive the Muslims form the land they had conquered in the Middle East |
| A.D. 1,000 - 1,300 | When the crusades took place |
| Christendom | The nations that professed to be Christian |
| What revived European interest in trade with the East? | The crusades |
| Middle class | Merchants and traders |
| Marco Polo | Son of an Italian merchant; accompanied his uncle and father to China; 1200's |
| Kublai Khan | The ruler of China when Marco Polo was there |
| Polo's writings spurred in many Europeans a new interest in ___. | Asia |
| 1300's | When the Renaissance took place |
| Renaissance | "rebirth" this time period emphasized the abilities of mankind and largely ignored God |
| How did the Renaissance help to set the stage for the discovery of the New World? | 1. Navigation at sea improved 2. Improved rudders 3. The invention of the Astrolabe and compass |
| Astrolabe | Used to determine latitude |
| Compass | Used to determine direction |
| Movable-type printing press | Introduced by Gutenberg in 1440 |
| Gutenberg first printed the ___. | Bible |
| Movable-type printing press did more than any other invention to what? | Bring Europe out of the Dark Ages |
| European merchants wanted a new all-water route to the Orient why? | So they could bypass the Italians, who controlled trade between the East and West |
| Prince Henry the Navigator (of Portugal) | Founded a navigation school and sent out several ships to explore the western coast of Africa |
| Bartholomew Dias | He reached the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa |
| Vasco da Gama | First to sail all the way around Africa to India, thus openting an all-water route to the east |
| 1517 | When the Protestant Reformation began |
| Martin Luther | Protested false doctrines of the church by ailing his Ninety-five Theses to the church door in Wittenberg, Germany |
| Ninety-five Theses | Statements attacking the sale of indlulgences |
| The Protestant Reformation brought what? | A revival of biblical Christianity |
| The people from England who colonized North America would be heavily influenced by the ___. | Bible |
| Religious matters in Europe continued to be settled by what? | nations and governments |
| The ancestors of the native Americans left the tower of Babel to begin what? | A great migration |
| Western Hemisphere | The New World |
| To get to America, the ancestors of the native Americans probably crossed a(n) what? | Land birdge; they probably followed the animals they hunted |
| Meat | Early Americans main food |
| Animal skins | Used for shelter and clothing |
| What where the two incorrect assumptions Columbus made. | 1. He underestimated the distance westward form Europe to Asia 2. He did not know that the continents of North and South America lay between Europe and Asia |
| After several years, Columbus finally persuaded the Spanish king and queen, ___ and ___, to sponsor his expedition. | Ferdinand, Isabella |
| Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria | Columbus's fleet of ships |
| Columbus believed he had landed on what islands? | The Indies |
| The 2,000 mile chain of islands between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic ocean is called what? | The West Indies |
| Caribbs | A tribe of cannibals who inhabited Columbus's region |
| Next, Columbus discovered _____ and ____, modern Haiti and the Dominican Republic | Cuba, Hispaniola |
| Amerigo Vespucci (by whom America is named after) | First to realize that what Columbus had discovered was a new continent |
| Conquistadors | Conquerors |
| Ponce de Leon | Conqueror and governor of Puerto Rico |
| Who made the first Spanish landing on the mainland of North America? | Ponce de Leon |
| Florida | Ponce de Leon found it: named after Pascua florida |
| Vasco de Balboa | discovered the Pacific Ocean |
| Fedinand | Began the first voyage around the world; this officially proved the earth was round |
| Hernando Cortes | Conquered the Aztec Indians of Mexico |
| Montezuma | A powerful chieftain that had developed an advanced civilization that included a calendar, pictographic writing, and architecture |
| Francisco Pizarro | Conquered the Inca Indians of Peru |
| Cabeza de Vaca | Explored Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona; his stories inspired stories about the "Seven Cities of Cibola" |
| Francisco Coronado | Discovered the grand Canyon |
| Pueblo | Spanish word for town |
| Hernando de Soto | Discovered the Mississippi River |
| St. Augustine | The first European settlement in the present day U.S. |
| Encomiendas | Large estates granted to Spanish colonists by the King of Spain |
| Sante Fe | Served as the capital of the Spanish colonies in the American Southwest |
| El Camino Real | The oldest road in the U.S. |
| Spain, at that time, was what? | The most powerful nation in the world |
| Spain's chief rival | England |
| Sir Francis Drake | Robbed Spanish ships |
| Counter-Reformation | was meant to bring souls back to the Catholic fold |
| "Invicible Armada" | A fleet of ship Philip sent to attack and destroy Engalnd |
| 1588 | Defeat of the Spanish Armada |
| Protestant England and Scotland would be free to lay the groundwork for what? | Religious and political freedoms |
| Northwest Passage | a supposed water route through North America and the Pacific |
| Jacques Cartier | Discovered the St. Lawrence River |
| Hugenots | French Protestants |
| Charlesfort, Fort Caroline | established by the Hugenots |
| 1608 | When the first permanent French settlement in the New World was established |
| Quebec, Canada | "Father of New France" ; the first permanent French settlement in the New World |
| Jacques Marquette | A Jesuit missionary |
| Louis Joliet | A fur trader |
| Louis Joliet, Jacques Marquette | Explored the central Mississippi River |
| Rovert Cavalier de la Salle | Claimed the entire Mississippi Valley for France |
| Canada, the Great Lakes region, and the Mississippi Valley | "New France" |
| Iroquois indians | the only Indians that were against the French |
| New France never became heavily populated why? | 1. Most of the French didn't permanently settle anywhere 2. They lacked self-governments 3. They lacked religious freedoms |
| New Orleans (1718) | Best known city of French heritage in America |
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nelsonclan
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