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Clinical Nutrition 2
Lipid Midterm questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a triglyceride? | 3 FA + glycerol |
| What is the main source of body fat? | Triglyceride |
| How are fatty acids transported and stored in the body? | Triglycerides |
| What is a phospholipid? | 2 FA+ phosphate + glycerol |
| What is the function of a phospholipid? | Cell membrane structure, high amount in the brain |
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? | Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds that fix the shape of the molecule, saturated FAs do not |
| How do fatty acids differ from each other? | 1. Length of the hydrocarbon tail 2. Degree of unsaturation (double bonds) 3. Position of the double bonds in the chain |
| Know the nomenclature of fatty acids and explain the notation | Number of Carbons, Number of double bonds, Position of the first double bond |
| Name the functions of fatty acids in the body. | 1. Insulation 2. Absorb shock- heel pad 3. Energy, calories, and heat 4. Protection from famine 5. Cell membrane structure-phospholipids 6. Protagladin production- 'inflammation' |
| How does cholesterol affect membrane fluidity? | It maintains ridgidity |
| Why don't triglycerides cross cell membrandes? | Too big, needs to be broken down before it can be transported -Need lipase to break it down |
| What kinds of fatty acids does the body make? | Saturated fats, monounsaturated fats, and cholesterol |
| Essential fatty acids may reduces the risk of what diseases? | 1. Cardiovascular disease 2. Alzheimer's disease 3. Diabetes |
| What increases delta-5 desaturase activity? | 1. Insulin 2. Blood glucose |
| What decreases delta-5 desaturase activity? | 1. EPA 2. Turmeric |
| What are the pros and cons of the omega-6/omega-3 ratio? | Useful concept, but difficult to measure. |
| What are food sources of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA)? | Found in evening primrose oil, borage oil and black current oil (plant fats) |
| What is the role of arachidonic acid in inflammation? | Pro-inflammatory mediator in tissue |
| What are three factors that increase lipid oxidation? | 1. Light 2. Oxygen 3. Heat |
| List the various fatty acids from most stable to least stable. | Trans? Saturated Monounsaturated Polyunsaturated |
| What determines the stability of fatty acids? | Number of double bonds (increase # of double bonds-->more susceptible to oxidation-->decrease stability) |
| List 3 dangers of trans fats. | 1. Lowers HDL cholesterol 2. Increases LDL cholesterol 3. Increases insulin levels |
| How can you change fat consumption to decrease inflammation? | Balance omega-3's and omega-6's. Eat less animal fats |
| Why are dietary fats difficult to classify? | The are a mixture of various fatty acids |
| What is the difference between plant fats and animal fats? | They come from different sources. Types of fats in animal products depend on what they eat. |
| Why is fish oil so popular? | High omega-3 content, easy to obtain, big money-maker! |
| Does fish oil prevent cardiovascular disease? Why or why not? | probably not-look at your case study(because their diet isn’t changing, if they added fish in their diet for the omegas then maybe it would be beneficial) |
| What are characteristics of high quality fatty acids? | Fresh, unrefined oils, mechanically pressed(cold expeller without chemicals), tastes like the seed it came from, no oxygen or light during processing, storing, or transportation |
| What antioxidant nutrient prevent against fat oxidation? | Vitamins E and C, CoQ-10, lipoic acid, and glutathione/cysteine |
| What is the critical enzyme in lipid metabolism and where are variations of this enzyme found? | Lipase Lipoprotein lipase is located extracellularly (blood stream and ECF) and Hormone sensitive lipase is located intracellular |
| What influences lipolysis? | Epinephrine stimulates, insulin inhibits, hormone-sensitive lipase stimulates so that fatty acids can be released for energy |
| What happens when the government makes dietary recommendations? | The US government is a big pusher in the industry |
| What may be the best predictor of cardiovascular risk? | Particle size and apoprotein levels |
| What are the risk factors for hypercholesterolemia? | 1. low fiber intake 2. high sugar intake 3. caffeine 4. stress 5. lack of exercise 6. smoking 7. high fat diet |
| Does Fish Oil prevent cardiovascular disease… | Not really...especially for primary prevention, but may have some effects for secondary prevention strategies. |
Created by:
Rebecca_11
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