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Final Exam SS9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Atlantic trade | ◦The trade of slaves with England, its colonies and Africa. The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade took place across the Atlantic Ocean from the 16th through to the 19th centuries. |
| Christopher Columbus | ◦Italian explorer, born in genoa, 1451-1506, landed in the bahamas in 1492, known for discovering the americas (but he didn’t discover the mainland!) |
| The Renaissance | The cultural “rebirth” (14th - 17th Century) involving the revival of art, literature and learning from Ancient Rome and Greece, as Europe made the transition from the medieval to the modern world. |
| Humanism | Is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence. |
| Scientific reasoning | ◦Scientific reasoning is the foundation supporting the entire structure of logic underpinning scientific research. |
| English absolutism | form of monarchical government in which the monarch has all power over people allowed the monarch to have unlimited power Most english absolutism are hereditary which means the heirs are not tested to see if they are fitting to be the leader |
| Rene Descartes | ◦French philosopher that lived from 1596-1650. He was dubbed the father of modern philosophy |
| Thomas Hobbes | ◦Believed that human beings are physical objects, did not believe in emotions, died 1579, |
| John Locke | ◦Born (England) and died in the UK, lived until 1704. Believed in moral role of gov., natural foundation of reason, right to private property. |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | ◦Swiss, born and died in geneva, died in timezone of middle of american revolution. Believed in general rule of public,general will, child centered learning. Also believed that humans were naturally good (which was very controversial at the time) |
| Voltaire | ◦ french, 1778. Believed in freedom of religion and expression, separation of church and state. |
| Colonialism | ◦when a country takes over land and sets up colonies to gain power. They also use it as an economic resource |
| Imperialism | extending a country’s power through force, usually military |
| Nationalism | is a belief or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, one’s nation. |
| Martin Luther | Martin Luther was German priest and professor of theology who was a figure in the Protestant Reformation |
| 95 Theses- | list of questions and propositions made by Martin Luther, nailed to a door of the wittenberg castle church |
| Roman Catholic Church | largest christian church, with over 1.2 billion members all over the world. Roman Catholic church played a big role in the history of Western Civilization. headed by the pope with bishops and priests underneath him |
| Simony | The buying or selling of spiritual office, act or privilege |
| Pluralism | An official holding more than one office at a time |
| Sale of Indulgences | People paying money to the church to absolve their sins or sins of their loved ones |
| Nepotism | Favoritism for relatives and family, and giving them jobs in the church because of this (nephews to cardinal positions) |
| Usury | The illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates |
| Protestantism | One of the 3 main branches of the Christian Religion that originated from the Protestant Reformation, believed to be a movement from errors within the Roman Catholic Church |
| Excommunication | suspending or taking off a membership to catholicism, depriving a person of rights of church membership |
| Gutenberg Printing press | A revolutionary invention that transferred ink onto a print medium (ex paper or cloth) that allowed for knowledge to become widespread fast. Which exactly why martin luther used it to project his thoughts and ideas around Europe |
| Papal schism | 1378 to 1417 time when several men claimed to be the true Pope of the Roman Catholic Church; disagreement was solved by the Council of Constance |
| English Reformation | was a series of events during the 16th century by which the church of England broke away from the authority of the pope and the Roman Catholic Church |
| Henry VIII- | King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. Was a very selfish king and did not care for the people. Was so selfish he created a new church because of a marriage dispute. Created a very large sense of hierarchy in England. |
| Catherine of Aragon | Was the first wife of King Henry. Died in 1536 and later the King married Anne Boleyn |
| Act of Supremacy | King henry VIII was declared the supreme head of the church of england in 1534 |
| Act of Dissolution | began in 1535 and carried into 1536 which Henry VIII broke up Catholic monasteries, priories, convents and friaries in England, Wales and Ireland, appropriated (use for personal use) their income and disposed of their assets |
| Peace of Augsburg | was a treaty between Charles V and the forces of the Schmalkaldic League, it was the alliance between lutheran princes on September 25, 1555 in Augsburg |
| Thomas Cromwell | An english statesman who served under Louis VIII as chief minister. He was an advocate of the english reformation. |
| English Civil War | 1642–1651 a number of conflicts and political disagreements between parliamentarians (roundheads) and royalists (cavaliers) in the kingdom of england. |
| Thirty Years War | Many wars fought between Catholics and Protestants in Europe. 1618-1648 (England, France, Spain) |
| Monarchy | A form of government with a monarch (king or Queen) at the head. |
| Parliament | a group of individuals elected by the people to be a legislation (make/pass laws) |
| Magna Carta | A charter that guarantees the people of England some civil rights and limited the powers of the monarchy. 1215, less taxes/power of monarchy, some peoples rights gained. Signed by King John. |
| Divine Right of Kings | religious/political belief common in 1600s stating that kings were chosen by God, and should have absolute power without question, for when you question them, you question god; also said that kings were not subject to rules of earth |
| Roundheads | A supporter of the parliament in the English Civil War, also known as a parliamentarian. |
| Cavaliers | Fought for Charles I on horseback, name comes from the french word “chevalier” which means “horseman” |
| Royalists | Someone who supports the idea of monarchy or a particular monarchy. |
| Petition of Rights | a major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties of the subject that the king is prohibited from infringing. |
| American Revolution | american revolution was a political disruption (1765- 1783) during which the bad colonists throughout the 13 colonies declined the british monarchy and aristocracy, overtook the authority of great britain then to found the United States of America |
| French Revolution | 1789 - 1799, Lead by Louis XVI, resulted in the end of a monarchy, ended by Napoleon |
| Louis XVI | The King of France from 1774 until 1792. He lived in a giant castle at Versailles and believed in an absolute monarchy. He was deposed and then executed by the jacobins after his reign |
| Marie Antoinette | An Austrian-born French queen that was the wife of Louis XVI. She was accused of bankrupting the French |
| Ancien régime | A Political and social system that no longer governs under the regime. Ex. in french revolution everyone was a subject of the king and rights were established by social divisions ( first, second and third estate) |
| Jacques Necker | Was Finance minister to france, served under Louis XVI. He believed that the Nation should start to tax the first and second estates. He was later forced to resign by Marie Antoinette and other minster because of his opinion on taxation. |
| Enlightenment | late 1600s to early 1700; a time in which individualism and knowledge became more valued than traditional hierarchy/authority |
| Constitutional monarchy- | a system of government in which the ability to make/pass rules lies with parliament, but a royal family is instated as the “Head of State” |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen | Made by the National Assembly for human rights |
| Maximilien Robespierre | Leader of the revolution good speaker dies in rev his death signifies end of the revolutionLawyer opposed death penalty equality against slavery against separation of churchstate important political figure estates general3rd estate leader of jacobin |
| Jean-Paul Marat | a french journalist and politician important during the french revolution. he was a defender of the sans-culottes. Assassinated while taking a medicinal bath. His death was very symbolic and had a great impact on the revolution. |
| Tennis Court Oath | The oath taken by the National Assembly at the tennis court that they won't stop until France gets a Constitution. |
| Women’s March on Versailles | Demand to speak to the king, want/demand food, king refuses, people break into the palace - kill guards heads on spikes, king and queen agree to go back to paris, prisoners of the people, October 5 1789, |
| Bourgeoisie- | French middle class. Usually marchants |
| National Assembly | when all three estates came together to form a form of parliament in which every member got an individual vote |
| Estates-General | the first meeting with representatives from each estate, the third estate is given twice as many members but only one vote |
| Constitution of 1791 | This was because of the National assembly’s tennis court oath that demanded a constitution. It limited the power of a monarch instead the power went to a single legislative assembly. |
| Civil Constitution of the Clergy | Law passed on july 12 1790 that lessened the importance of the Roman catholic church in france to the french government. |
| Jacobins | A group led by Maximilien Robespierre that promoted the Reign of Terror and wanted to throw out the monarchy during the French Revolution. |
| George Danton | Led the Girondins also was one of major faces during French Revolution. People liked him more than Robespierre because he was more social and would communicate with all the locals. He later became the first president of the Committee of Public Safety |
| Girondins | A radical political group that rivaled the Jacobins and the Mountain |
| War of the First (and Second Coalition) | war between france revolutionaries and austria and also the Birth of first French Republic 1797 |
| September Massacres | “cleansing” of the nobility, sept. 2-7 1792, sans-culottes/marat -> the people killing the people, no trials/no organization, killing prisoners/anyone they wanted to. |
| Execution of the King and Queen | the action of killing first King Louis XVI of France (1793), then his queen Marie Antoinette |
| Citoyen | french word for citizen |
| Committee of Public Safety | group of 12 men led by Robespierre who ruled France during the Reign of Terror |
| Republic- | A state in which power is held by the people and an elected leader |
| Reign of Terror- | period of time commanded by Robespierre brought fear to citizens.purpose was to defeat “Enemies of the Revolution” and protect France from foreign invaders. Many innocent people executed for acting suspicious.period ended when Robespierre was executed. |
| Napoleon | Napoleon french military /political leader gained power during French Revolution when France was a mess. Napoleon was emperor of France 18 May 1804 11 April 1814. Napoleon dominated most of battles until loss in 1815. Napoleon exiled Saint Helena died |
Created by:
Barbarastrath
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